Transcript Slide 1

B1.1.1
Keeping Healthy
Monday, July 20, 2015
Mr D Powell
Finding the grade that you are working at...
Words / Ideas
A*
Summarise, Appraise, Rank, Judge, Defend, Recommend, Evaluate,
Argue, Provide evidence for … Discriminate, Validate, Assess,
Prioritise, Improve
A
Reflect, Reorganise, Explain the differences between … Formulate,
Combine, Make connections between, Design Integrate, Use the
pattern to … Predict (with detailed ideas) Generalise, Use the model
of … to … Speculate Explain why Use the idea of … to …
B
Prioritise, Select, Contrast, Break down, Plan, Order, Determine key,
points from, Infer, Divide/ separate, Deduce, Reason, logically
compare, Arrange, Conclude, Explain why, Distinguish
C
Devise, Clarify, Any ideas, If … how …, Solve, Predict, Complete, What
would happen, Calculate Relate, Demonstrate, how, Modify, Explain
what/ how, Employ, Construct, Solve, problem Use in a new context
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Finding the grade that you are working at...
Words / Ideas
B
Prioritise, Select, Contrast, Break down, Plan, Order, Determine key,
points from, Infer, Divide/ separate, Deduce, Reason, logically,
Compare, Arrange, Conclude, Explain why, Distinguish
C
Devise, Clarify, Any ideas, If … how …, Solve, Predict, Complete, What
would happen, Calculate, Relate, Demonstrate how, Modify, Explain
what/ how, Employ, Construct, Solve, problem Use in a new context
D-E
Present, Illustrate, Tabulate, Sequence, Locate, information from
text, Classify, Translate, Give an Example, Convert, Describe, Decide,
Interpret, Define, Summarise, Match, Compare (objects/ events),
Transfer, Outline
F-G
Recall, State, Draw, Sort, Select, Write, Name, Define, State, List,
Label, Record, Identify, Match, Recognise
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What are we thinking of?
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1.1 Diet and Exercise p24
1.
2.
3.
Lesson Aims/ Levels
Explain what a healthy diet contains (L)
Explain some key ideas on how to speed up your metabolic rate (S)
Put a healthy diet in context of other cultures (H)
Literacy: be able to write about healthy diet in your own words (S) or put it into
context (H)
Low Demand (E-G)
Keywords: metabolic rate, inherited factor,
Standard Demand (B-D) malnourished, vitamin, fibre, proteins, Naan Bread,
High Demand (A*-B)
Rice, Potato Skin.
homeotherms - An organism that maintains its body temperature at a constant
level, usually above that of the environment, by its metabolic activity.
A poikilotherm is an organism whose internal temperature varies considerably.
It is the opposite of a homeotherm, an organism which maintains thermal
equilibrium
Monday, July 20, 2015
a) “What makes a Healthy Diet....
A healthy diet contains the right
balance of the different foods you
need and the right amount of
energy.
•
•
•
•
Carbohydrates, fats and
proteins are used by the body
to release energy and to build
cells.
Mineral ions and vitamins are
needed in small amounts for
healthy functioning of the
body.
A person is malnourished if
their diet is not balanced. This
may lead to a person being
overweight or underweight.
An unbalanced diet may also
lead to deficiency diseases or
conditions such as Type 2
diabetes.
TASKS:
Low Demand (E-G)
copy down this information into your
book about what makes a healthy
diet. It could be in diagrams, words
or a flow chart.
Standard Demand (B-D)
Use the information here and in the
book to explain in your own words
what a “healthy diet is”
High Demand (A*-B)
Write an explanation of how diets
vary in different countries putting
each bullet point in the text into
context.
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ICT – TASK Balanced Diets.... (Standard Challenge)
Look online for information about how much whole grain, plant oil, vegetables, fruit,
nuts, dairy, poultry fish or eggs, red meat, butter etc.. we need as a daily rate.
1.
2.
3.
Construct a table in excel of your own creation similar to this one to compare you to
the best healthy diets...
Populate it with as much data as you can find.
At the end of the lesson print off the table and stick it into your book...
Typical Daily intake in Joules (J) or grams (g)
Type/Item
Average Man
Mass/ g
Whole grain
110
Plant Oils
60
Vegetables
170
Energy/ kJ
My diet
Mass/ g
Energy/
kJ
When I evaluate this data I can see that.....
If I compare it to my own diet......
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid
Index
Mr Powell 2008
ICT – TASK Balanced Diets.... (Lower Challenge)
Look online for information about how much whole grain,
plant oil, vegetables, fruit, nuts, dairy, poultry fish or
eggs, red meat, butter etc.. we need as a daily rate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Find an image of each nutrient that the body needs.
Save the images to a folder on your computer.
On a powerpoint slide add a “Smart Art” pie chart
cheese shape.
Click on each wedge and make the background
format to an image.
Resize the wedge to about the right amount in mass
for your daily diet.
Comment on this wedges compared to a standard
one you find on the internet
At the end of the lesson print off your work and stick
it into your book...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_nutrition
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthy_eating_pyramid
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Carbohydrates
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Small Animal v Big Animals
1.
Small animals have a much faster heart rate than
big animals.
2.
A mouse and an elephant have the same number of
heart beats in their lifetimes.
3.
If we look at Surface Area v Volume for big and
small animals. Small animals have a much higher
ratio. (1x1x1 cube v 2x2x2 cubes)
Small animals lose heat at a faster rate.
4.
5.
This means that they have a faster Metabolic rate to
make up for this loss.
6.
This means that cell respiration and other processes
must work much quicker.
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Metabolic rate (FT)
A healthy diet contains all the different nutrients in the correct amounts,
and provides the right amount of energy for each individual.
An unbalanced diet can lead to a person becoming malnourished. They
may be too thin or too fat as a result, and they may suffer from
deficiency diseases.
Chemical reactions
Respiration is the chemical reaction that allows cells to release energy
from food. The metabolic rate is the speed at which such chemical
reactions take place in the body. It varies because of several factors,
including:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
age
gender - male or female
the proportion of muscle to fat in the body
the amount of exercise and other physical activity
genetic traits
The metabolic rate increases as we exercise and stays high for a while
afterwards.
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Metabolism & Diet (Harder)
The less exercise you take and the
warmer it is, the less food you need.
People who exercise regularly are
usually fitter than people who take little
exercise. If you exercise your metabolic
rate stays high for some time after you
have finished.
Animals have a “metabolic rate”. The
graph shows that a smaller animal has in
fact a shorter time (y-axis) to metabolise
the same amount of food. This means it
consumes energy at a greater rate.
Metabolic Rate kcal/hr/g
The rate at which all chemical reactions
in the cells of the body are carried out
(the metabolic rate) varies with the
amount of activity you do and the
proportion of muscle to fat in your
body. It may be affected by inherited
factors.
homeotherms
Unicellular
organism
poikilotherm
Animal Mass (g)
TASK: construct and write your
own summary on the ideas
behind metabolic rate and
animal type/size. Draw a
diagram if that helps.
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Metabolic Rate kcal/hr/g
Can you explain this graph?
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Ways to speed it up...
Get active - it's a sure-fire way to increase the amount of muscle you have,
which in turn will speed up your metabolism. Do a mixture of aerobic and
resistance training for best results.
Eat little and often - there's evidence that eating small, regular meals
throughout the day, rather than one or two large meals, may help to keep
your metabolism ticking over. Surprisingly, around 10 percent of the calories
we use each day go on digesting and absorbing food - so the more times you
eat, the greater this effect is likely to be.
Eat plenty of protein-rich foods - research shows that around 25 percent of
calories in a protein-rich meal may be burnt off. But make sure you choose
low-fat protein foods such as lean meat, skinless chicken and low-fat dairy
products.
Spice up meals - it's not an old wives tale after all! Spices like chilli are
thought to raise metabolism by up to 50 percent for up to three hours after
eating, due to increasing your heart rate.
Swap you daily cuppa for green tea - there's evidence that it contains
antioxidants that speed up metabolism.
TASK: You are a Doctor in
charge of a national
programme to improve the
metabolic rate of people in
the UK. There are lots of
facts you want to put in your
poster campaign. Make a
Poster, series of fact cards or
flow chart of some of this
information to help you
remember it.
NB: You will need to come to
the front read it, then go
back to your seat to write it
down!
C-E
Chill out - research shows that being very cold can increase metabolism by
up to 20 percent.
Have a sauna - being very hot is also thought to boost metabolism by about
20 percent (but check you don't have any underlying medical problems that
mean you shouldn't go in saunas or steam rooms).0
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Quick Quiz (true or false)
1.
Metabolic rate is the rate at which our bodies work?
2.
The rate at which all chemical reactions in the cells of the body
are carried out (the metabolic rate) varies with the amount of
activity you do.
3.
Metabolic rate varies with the proportion of muscle to fat in
your body.
4.
Metabolic rate may be affected by inherited factors.
5.
Metabolic rate is faster for people who sit on the couch
6.
Metabolic rate is slower for people who run every day?
7.
Chilli in your food speeds up your metabolism?
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
True
True
True
True
False
false
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Biology B1 1.1
Answers to in-text questions
Diet and exercise
a For energy and to build new cells.
b Because a pregnant woman has to provide energy for a growing baby as well as
herself.
c Athletes have a lot of muscle tissue and muscle tissue burns up a lot of energy.
Summary answers
1 A diet which contains the right amount of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins,
minerals, fibre and water and the right amount of energy.
2 a Generally, teenagers use more energy than the very elderly because they are
more active and to build new cells as they are still growing.
b A top athlete probably has more muscle, which uses a lot of energy. The energy
comes from proteins, fats and carbohydrates.
3 a The rate at which all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body are carried
out.
b Some people have a slower metabolic rate, some take less exercise, some eat
more and do not use up all the energy they take in as food so they store the excess
as fat.
Monday, July 20, 2015
Which word links all of these images...
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1.2 Weight Problems - p26
1.
2.
3.
Lesson Aims/ Levels
Identify what health problems are linked
to weight (L)
Explain why it is unhealthy to be thin/
Compare BMI for two people (S)
Explain/ Evaluate why people who exercise
are usually healthier (S/H)
Literacy: evaluate an video about childhood
obesity.
Low Demand Keywords: malnourished,
(E-G)
ions, anorexia, scurvy, rickets,
Standard
bulimia, obese, arthritis (worn
Demand (B-D) joints), diabetes (high blood
High Demand sugar). high blood pressure,
(A*-B)
heart disease.
Monday, July 20, 2015
In the developed world too much food and too little exercise are leading to
high levels of obesity and the diseases linked to excess weight:
•
•
•
•
arthritis (worn joints)
diabetes (high blood sugar)
high blood pressure
heart disease.
Some people in the developing world suffer from health problems linked to
lack of food. These include: reduced resistance to infection, irregular periods
(in women).
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Healthy Diets
TASK: construct your own article
on “world health”. Use the
information here and your
own general knowledge to
add your own comments
B/C
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Scurvy
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Healthy Diets in detail!
Rickets is a softening of bones in children
potentially leading to fractures and
deformity. Rickets is among the most
frequent childhood diseases in many
developing countries. The predominant
cause is a vitamin D deficiency
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a
deficiency of vitamin C. Scurvy leads to
the formation of spots on the skin, spongy
gums, and bleeding from the mucous
membranes. The spots are most
abundant on the thighs and legs, and a
person with the ailment looks pale, feels
depressed, and is partially immobilised. In
advanced scurvy there are open, wounds
and loss of teeth.
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Work out your BMI! – Rough Guide!
Body Mass Index (BMI) measures
the relative amounts
BMI = body mass (kg)
(height)2 (m)
of fat and muscle in the body.
Gloria:
Zak:
1.45 m and 66 kg
BMI = 31
1.85m and 66kg
BMI = 19
BMI
Conclusion
<20
underweight
20-25
normal
25-30
overweight
>30
obese
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BMI Chart
1 meter = 39.37”
1lb = 0.45 kg = 4.5N
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Homer J Simpson
Imagine you are a local health advisor. You
want to help Homer get fit and active.
Can you come up with some type of
healthy eating / exercise plan?
Write him out a weekly schedule....
Monday.....
Tuesday....
Etc...
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Biology B1 1.2
Weight problems
Answers to in-text questions
a Arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease plus any other correct
answers such as breathlessness.
b Reduce your food (energy) intake, increase your exercise (energy output) or
both.
Summary answers
1 energy, fat, obese, less, more
2 People who are very thin do not take in enough food to get all the nutrients
(vitamins, minerals, etc.) they need. Some people who are obese eat a lot of
junk/fast food which is very low in minerals and vitamins, high in salt, fat, etc. So
both can suffer from deficiency diseases.
3 The programme which combines controlled food intake and exercise. Taking in
less energy and using up more energy will be most effective. It builds muscle which
uses more energy.
Monday, July 20, 2015
Which word links all of these images...
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1.3 Inheritance Exercise and Health - p28 (2 hours)
1.
2.
3.
Lesson Aims/ Levels
Know what cholesterol is / describe if an inherited factor affect your
heath(L)
Explain why your cholesterol level matters (S)
Compare HDL’s and LDL’s (S/H)
Literacy: Write a paragraph about the affect cholesterol has on your heart.
Low Demand (E-G)
Standard Demand (B-D)
High Demand (A*-B)
Monday, July 20, 2015
Keywords: Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), Highdensity lipoproteins (HDLs), (both commonly called
“cholesterol”), saturated fats, mono-unsaturated
Cholesterol
C-E
Questions;
1)
Where is cholesterol
found/made/ depend on?
2)
Describe fully how cholesterol is
transported around the body
3)
Which type of cholesterol do we
want more of?
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Atherosis in an Artery
Atherosclerosis (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis)
is a disease in which plaque (plak)
builds up inside your arteries.
Arteries are blood vessels that carry
oxygen-rich blood to your heart and
other parts of your body.
Plaque is made up of fat,
cholesterol, calcium, and other
substances found in the blood. Over
time, plaque hardens and narrows
your arteries.
This limits the flow of oxygen-rich
blood to your organs and other parts
of your body.
Atherosclerosis can lead to serious
problems, including heart
attack, stroke, or even death.
TASK: Standard Demand: Write a short paragraph or a
detailed labelled diagram to explain the condition
“Atherosclerosis”
Low Demand: copy out a diagram to show a blocked
Index
artery and labelled it simply.
Mr Powell 2008
Video Summary Task…
1.
We will watch 5 short video clips on these topics. For each clip in turn make
a short note (in any form you like) of the key points.
2.
Form a small group of 3 or 4 and discuss what you thought about the videos.
3.
Draw a small stick person and write down a couple of speech bubbles to
explain another students point of view.
Joe, thinks that we must eat
less and diet to improve our
health
Obesity in Britain
France also
getting
worse
People are
getting
fatter over
time
Diet and
Exercise
the
issues
Lifestyle of
preschool children
Stress and heart disease
School meals
statins
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Side effects of Statins....
TASK: Homework
Find out about a couple of statins and
any side effect that they might
have. Print off an article that you
find, annotate it/ comment on it
Try here first;
http://www.dailymail.co.uk
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Fats and Salt
C/D
Questions;
1) What are the main three
types of fats. Can you give
examples of each one?
2) Which fats are good for the
body and why (link to
previous information on
LDL’s – (bad) HDL (good))
3) Comment on if your diet
means that you should have
a healthy heart. Again link it
so HDL’s & LDL’s?
4) Should schools and
hospitals be required to
provide healthy food. How
would you define “healthy”.
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25th of June 2013
Homeostasis
1.
We will watch 3 short video clips on these topics. For each clip in turn make
a short note (in any form you like) of the key points.
2.
Form a small group of 3 or 4 and discuss what you thought about the videos.
3.
Draw a small stick person and write down a couple of speech bubbles to
explain another students point of view.
……………….
Alcohol
Brain swells
Drug abuse
Affects the
kidney
Makes you thirsty
but you don’t
need the water
Affects the
hypothalamus
(part of brain) Temp 37->40+
Control of
Blood Sugar
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Cholesterol is a substance made by the liver and found in the blood. The amount
of cholesterol produced by the liver depends on a combination of diet and
inherited factors. High levels of cholesterol in the blood increase the risk of
disease of the heart and blood vessels.
Cholesterol is carried around the body in two types of lipoproteins. Low-density
lipoproteins (LDLs) are ‘bad’ and can cause heart disease. High-density
lipoproteins (HDLs) are ‘good’ cholesterol. The balance of these is very
important to good heart health.
Saturated fats increase blood cholesterol levels. Mono-unsaturated and
polyunsaturated fats may help both to reduce blood cholesterol levels and to
improve the balance between LDLs and HDLs.
Too much salt in the diet can lead to increased blood pressure for about 30% of
the population and Processed food often contains a high proportion of fat
and/or salt.
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Quick Quiz True or False
1) Cholesterol is a substance made by the liver and found in the blood.
2) Low levels of cholesterol in the blood increase the risk of disease of
the heart and blood vessels.
3) Cholesterol is carried around the body in three types of lipoproteins.
4) Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) are ‘bad’ and can cause heart disease.
5) Mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fats may help both to reduce
blood cholesterol levels and to improve the balance between LDLs and
HDLs.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
6) Too much salt in the diet can lead to increased blood pressure for
about 30% of the population
7) Processed food often contains a low proportion of fat and/or salt. .
8) High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are ‘good’ cholesterol. The balance
of these is very important to good heart health.
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T
F
F
T
T
T
T
T
What issue am I thinking of...
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Monday, July 20, 2015
Biology B1 1.3
Inheritance, exercise and health
Answers to in-text questions
a To make the membranes of your body cells and maintain normal hormone
production, e.g. your sex hormones.
b By exercising and reducing the amount of fat in your diet.
Summary answers
1 inherited, metabolic, cholesterol, balance, heart
2 They are less likely to be overweight and will have more muscle so will burn more
energy. This controls their weight and means that they are less likely to get
arthritis, diabetes and high blood pressure. It also reduces cholesterol levels which
reduces the risk of heart disease.
3 People who are least active are most at risk of dying. Unfit people have the most
health problems and so any careful improvement in activity levels will be of benefit
and they will lose weight.
Monday, July 20, 2015
1.4 Pathogens and Diesease – p30
Lesson Aims/ Levels
1.
2.
3.
........(L)
.........(S)
........ (S/H)
Literacy: .........
Low Demand (E-G)
Standard Demand (B-D)
High Demand (A*-B)
Monday, July 20, 2015
Keywords: ……….
Biology B1 1.4
Pathogens and disease
Answers to in-text questions
a Pathogens/microorganisms/bacteria and viruses.
b Viruses are smaller than bacteria.
c Pathogens reproduce rapidly inside your body; they damage your cells; they
produce toxins that make you feel ill. Your body reacts to pathogens and the
damage they cause/toxins they make, which also makes you feel ill.
Summary answers
1 microorganisms, pathogens, viruses, bacteria, reproduce, damage, toxins,
symptoms
2 Any sensible suggestions should be accepted, such as: wiping work surfaces,
cleaning toilets, using tissues to blow nose, washing hands before handling food,
etc.
3 Students should show in their letter the main points made in the relevant
spread including an appreciation of why the new ideas met resistance.
Monday, July 20, 2015
1.5 Defence Mechanisms p32
Lesson Aims/ Levels
1.
2.
3.
........(L)
.........(S)
........ (S/H)
Literacy: .........
Low Demand (E-G)
Standard Demand (B-D)
High Demand (A*-B)
Monday, July 20, 2015
Keywords: ……….
Biology B1 1.5
Defence mechanisms
Answers to in-text questions
a Droplet infection; direct contact; contaminated food and drink; through a break
in the skin.
b Skin acts as a barrier; breathing organs produce mucus to trap pathogens or acid
in stomach kills pathogens; blood uses platelets to produce clots to seal wounds.
Summary answers
1 a When we cough, sneeze or talk, droplets full of pathogens pass into the air to
be breathed in by someone else.
b Pathogens on skin passed to someone else’s skin on contact.
c Pathogens taken in on food or in drink.
d Pathogens can get through the barrier of the skin to the tissue underneath.
2 a Pathogens cannot be stopped from getting into cuts.
b You have not got enough white blood cells to ingest pathogens or to produce
antibodies/antitoxins, so pathogens are not destroyed.
3 a Prevents pathogens getting from your hands to the food.
b Removes pathogens from where they might come into contact with other
people or get on your hands.
c Prevents pathogens from the gut being taken in with drinking water.
4 Explanation to include the ingestion of microorganisms, the production of
antibodies
and
Monday, July 20,
2015antitoxins.
1.6 Using Drugs to Treat Disease p34
Lesson Aims/ Levels
1.
2.
3.
........(L)
.........(S)
........ (S/H)
Literacy: .........
Low Demand (E-G)
Standard Demand (B-D)
High Demand (A*-B)
Monday, July 20, 2015
Keywords: ……….
Biology B1 1.6
Using drugs to treat disease
Answers to in-text questions
a Because they do not kill the pathogens that are making you ill.
b A drug that kills pathogenic bacteria in your body.
c They damage bacterial cells without damaging human cells.
d Alexander Fleming.
Summary answers
1 Paracetamol relieves symptoms/makes you feel better, whereas antibiotics kill
the bacteria and actually make you better.
2 a He noticed a clear area around mould growing on bacterial plates.
b It was difficult to get much penicillin out of the mould and it does not keep
easily.
c Florey and Chain.
3 Viral pathogens reproduce inside your cells, so it is very difficult to develop a
drug that destroys them without destroying your cells as well.
Monday, July 20, 2015
1.7 Growing and Investigating Bacteria p36
Lesson Aims/ Levels
1.
2.
3.
........(L)
.........(S)
........ (S/H)
Literacy: .........
Low Demand (E-G)
Standard Demand (B-D)
High Demand (A*-B)
Monday, July 20, 2015
Keywords: ……….
Biology B1 1.7
Growing and investigating bacteria
Answers to in-text questions
a A nutrient-rich medium used to culture microorganisms such as fungi and
bacteria.
b To prevent contamination by microbes already on the equipment.
Summary answers
1 To find out more about them. To find out which nutrients they need to grow and
to investigate what will affect them and stop them growing.
2 This is the human body temperature so any bacteria which grow at that
temperature would be likely to be able to infect people and cause harm.
3 Using up the available food and oxygen, build up of waste products such as
carbon dioxide and other toxins.
Monday, July 20, 2015
1.8 Changing Pathogens - p38
Lesson Aims/ Levels
1.
2.
3.
........(L)
.........(S)
........ (S/H)
Literacy: .........
Low Demand (E-G)
Standard Demand (B-D)
High Demand (A*-B)
Monday, July 20, 2015
Keywords: ……….
Biology B1 1.8
Changing pathogens
Answers to in-text questions
a To prevent more antibiotic-resistant strains appearing.
b Bacterium.
Summary answers
1 mutate, resistant, antibiotics, better, mutation, virus (bacterium), bacterium
(virus), disease
2 Students should show clear understanding of the different stages involved in the
development of antibiotic resistance. Colony of bacteria treated with antibiotic 1
→ 5% have mutation and survive → the surviving bacteria are treated with
antibiotic 2 → 5% have a mutation and are resistant to antibiotic 1 and 2 → etc.
3 a Increased use of antibiotics leading to more resistant bacteria, lower hygiene
standards in hospitals, people failing to wash their hands between patients,
visitors, etc. Any other sensible point.
b Could be an improvement in cleanliness in hospital, people being more careful
about hand washing, introduction and use of alcohol gels for visitors and staff in
hospitals, any sensible points.
Monday, July 20, 2015
1.9 Immunity p40
Lesson Aims/ Levels
1.
2.
3.
........(L)
.........(S)
........ (S/H)
Literacy: .........
Low Demand (E-G)
Standard Demand (B-D)
High Demand (A*-B)
Monday, July 20, 2015
Keywords: ……….
Biology B1 1.9
Immunity
Answers to in-text questions
a A unique protein on the surface of a cell that identifies it.
b A chemical (protein) made by the white blood cells that target specific antigens.
c Bacterial: tetanus, diphtheria or any other sensible choice. Viral: measles, mumps,
rubella, polio or any other sensible choice.
Summary answers
1 immunised, dead/inactive, inactive/dead, pathogen, white, antibodies, immune
2 a Every cell has unique proteins on its surface called ‘antigens’. Your immune system
recognises that the antigens on the microorganisms that get into your system are
different from the ones on your own cells. Your white blood cells then make antibodies to
destroy the antigens/pathogens. Once your white blood cells have learnt the right
antibody needed to tackle a particular pathogen, they can make that antibody very
quickly if the pathogen gets into your system again, and so you are immune to that
disease.
b A small quantity of dead or inactive pathogen is introduced into your body. This gives
your white blood cells the chance to develop the right antibodies against the pathogen
without you getting ill. Then if you meet the live pathogens, your body can respond
rapidly, making the right antibodies just as if you had already had the disease.
3 Vaccines can be made using inactive viruses or bacteria so can stimulate antibody
production against either type of pathogen thereby developing immunity. Viruses
reproduce
inside body cells so antibiotics cannot kill them without killing the cells of the
Monday, July 20, 2015
body at the same time.
1.10 How Do We Deal with Disease p42
Lesson Aims/ Levels
1.
2.
3.
........(L)
.........(S)
........ (S/H)
Literacy: .........
Low Demand (E-G)
Standard Demand (B-D)
High Demand (A*-B)
Monday, July 20, 2015
Keywords: ……….
Biology B1 1.10
How do we deal with disease?
Summary answers
1 Advantage: protected against potentially serious disease.
Disadvantage: small chance of adverse reaction to the vaccine.
2 Bad science examples: Very small sample size, not all sample had actually had
the vaccination, only a third of the group developed symptoms anywhere near the
time of their vaccinations, financial gains were involved, no proper peer evaluation
and repetition of findings.
The papers should not have published without checking the reproducibility and
validity of the study. The potential impact of the study should have been
considered first before publication to minimise both the drop in levels of
vaccination below that needed to maintain herd immunity and illness and death
among children who developed the disease.
Monday, July 20, 2015