Transcript Document

Hi!
My name is
Nathan!
I will be your
instructor for
the Computer
Merit Badge!
For those of you
who are
wondering what to
do????
Please have a seat
and we will get
started!!!
Those who don’t
want to listen
during this class,
YOU will have to
deal with BUZZ!!!
Oh BUZZ!!!
Where are you
BUZZ????
Here BUZZ!!!!
Nathan, don’t bother me, I’m
eating!!!
Scouts, I get real mean and
ugly if disturbed while eating!
SO, you best behave or,
YOU will be my next meal!
Remember, YOU
don’t want me to
call for BUZZ!!!
RIGHT!!!!!
I want to
personally
welcome you to:
The Brazoz
Valley District
Computer Merit
Badge class.
Are you ready to
hike the information
highway and learn
about computers??
As you can see, I
have come
prepared for this
adventure!
Have YOU?
Do you have a
pen or pencil to
write with?
Please get it out
now?
When you are
ready, raise your
hand and keep it
raised until
everyone has their
hand raised!
Is everyone ready?
Good!!!
Mr. Fleming
please click the
mouse to
continue!
We are about to
begin an exciting
adventure!
First, I would like
to make some
introductions!
Again, my name
is Nathan.
I am your
instructor for this
merit badge!
I would like to
introduce you to
my very able
bodied assistant!
Oops!
Wrong Assistant!!
Scouts this is
Mr. Fleming.
If Mr. Fleming
had not
volunteered his
time, I would not
be able to teach
this merit badge!
Your Welcome
Nathan!
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Let’s
Begin!
Mr. Fleming
would you please
hand out the
work book for
this merit badge.
Does everyone have
a work book? If not
raise your hand!
Mr. Fleming please
click the mouse to
continue!
Scouts, at this
time please write
your name, Troop
#, class #, today’s
date and phone #
on the front of
the work book.
Raise your hand
when you are done!
Mr. Fleming please
click the mouse to
continue!
Scouts, if you do not
fill out the front page
of the work book and
you do not turn the
work book into
Mr. Fleming,
GUESS WHAT?
You, WILL NOT,
get credit for taking
this merit badge!
Do you understand?
IF NOT, raise your
hand and ask your
questions NOW!
Mr. Fleming please
click the mouse, to
continue.
Mr. Fleming
would you please
show our Scouts
the computer
parts you have
brought along
with you!
Please explain what
each part is and the
function it has
within the computer!
Mr. Fleming please
click the mouse
when done.
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now would you
please go through
the “History of
Computers”!
History of Computers
The first true calculating machine was
Abacus
the __________,
which was in use before
400 BC and is still used in some
countries.
In 1617, a Scottish mathematician named
John Napier developed a set of
calculating rods made of bone or ivory,
Napier’s Bones
nicknamed ______________.
Charles Babbage, a nineteenth-century
English mathematician, designed plans for a
Difference_________.
Engine
_________
His machine
consisted of four parts: an input device, a
memory (which he called a “store”), a
processor (he called it a “mill”), and an
output device. Although he never built the
machine, Babbage developed many of the
principles upon which modern computers
were developed.
The first major development in
computing hardware came
when, after the results of the
1880 U.S. Census had taken
seven years to tabulate, the
Census Bureau held a contest
to see if anyone could invent a
faster method.
The winner was Herman Hollerith, who
Punched Card
invented the __________
________ and
formed the company that later became the
giant International Business Machines
(IBM) Corporation.
In 1910, James Powers, an employee of the
Census Bureau, improved on the system; his
new company became a major part of the
early computer manufacturer Remington
Rand which, in turn, added the Sperry and
Univac companies and ultimately became
Unisys
_________.
The punched-card system was the most
widely used method for reading information
into early programmable computers, which
did not arrive on the scene until World War
II. This was not because nobody had
thought of them, but rather because the early
Expensive --- only the
ones were very _________
Department of Defense, then called the War
Department, had enough money to pay for
them.
Several machines were built at about the
same time. The most famous was the
Mark I at Harvard University and the
__________
________
ENIAC and ________
EDVAC at the University
of Pennsylvania.
These early machines were one-of-a-kind,
and each had it’s peculiarities. The first
machine to be mass-produced and sold was
the ________,
UNIVAC designed by Dr. J. Presper
Eckert and Dr. John Mauchly (who had built
ENIAC and EDVAC) in 1951.
IBM started selling systems two years later.
Soon the computer industry became known
as “___
___
___
______”; other
IBM
and
the______
seven dwarfs
companies came and went rapidly.
The first-generation computers were huge
and expensive. Their central processors
Vacuum Tubes
were made of _________
______. By
modern standards, they were quite slow.
Huge air conditioners were required to keep
them from burning themselves up. If an air
conditioner failed, the computer had to be
shut down instantly. Neither the computers
nor the air conditioners were very reliable.
Only a few of the first-generation computers
were sold.
These early computers used several
electromechanical parts. One was a _____,
Relay
a mechanical switch that is activated
(switched on or off) by an electrical device
called a __________.
Solenoid
On one occasion, a relay failed. When the
engineer took it apart, he found a dead
insect jammed between the switch contacts.
This was the source of the term ____
Bug to
designate a problem with a computer
component --- either hardware or software.
Several Major technical developments
followed, each resulting in a new generation
of computers. John Bardeen, Walter
Brattain, and William Shockley invented the
__________
Transistor while working at Bell
Laboratories in 1947.
Transistors, which replaced _______
Vacuum _____,
Tubes
made the second generation of computers
smaller, faster, and more reliable. Many of
these systems were sold to business,
industry, and science.
In 1958, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
Integrated________.
Circuit
developed the first ________
Integrated_________
Circuits combine a number
_________
of individual transistors into a single unit.
In 1971, engineers at Intel Corporation
Micro-processor A
designed the first _______________.
Micro-processor puts all the circuits
_______________
needed for a computer onto a single chip.
This development made the _________
Personal
computer possible.
A number of companies, including
Apple Computer
Radio Shack
_________
________, ______
______, and
Commodore were producing ________
_____________,
Personal
computers by 1977.
Introduced in 1981, the ____
IBM personal
computer rapidly became a major success.
Many other companies began making
personal computers and the software to run
them.
This competition has forced down prices
and made personal computers even more
powerful than the largest computers built
only a decade ago.
New software programs are continually
being produced to take advantage of this
increased power, and to expand the way in
which we use computers.
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you
please go through
the “Types of
Computers”!
Types of Computers
There are two basic categories of computers,
Special-purpose
___________
__________
and
General-purpose
____________
_________.
Special-purpose
___________
__________ computers are
preprogrammed to perform a specific task,
such as injecting fuel in an automobile
engine, keeping time in a digital watch, or
programming a videocassette recorder.
General-purpose
___________
__________ computers can
be adapted to perform any number of
functions. Most computers you have read
General-purpose
about are __________
________ computers.
Computers come in four main sizes;
Supercomputers
Mainframes
________________________,
________________________,
Minicomputers
________________________,
Microcomputers
________________________.
Supercomputers are the largest and fastest.
______________
They are used for large projects such as
national or global weather forecasting,
satellite tracking, etc.
Mainframe computers are very
______________
powerful and can be as large as an entire
room.
They are used, for example, by banks to
keep track of millions of checks and
deposits, by airlines to schedule thousands
of flights and make seat reservations, and by
governments to keep track of their citizens.
Mainframes usually have terminals
connected to them. A terminal consists of a
monitor and keyboard that allow a person to
enter information and retrieve it from the
computer.
Minicomputers are smaller and are
______________
sometimes used in medium-size companies
to run their manufacturing plants or keep
track of inventories. They also have
terminals attached to them.
______________
Microcomputers or personal computers are
the smallest computers, designed to be used
by individuals for writing, illustrating,
budgeting, playing games, and
communicating with other computers.
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you
please go through
the “Parts of a
Computers”!
Parts of a Computer
Every computer, whether a large, multi-user
system or a desktop personal computer, is
composed of the same elements:
Central Processor
___________________,
Input Devices
___________________,
Storage Units
___________________,
and
Output Devices
___________________.
The most important part of a computer is the
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
_______________________
_____, or
“brain,” of the computer. This is the part
that processes information - storing
information that is put into the computer,
making changes to it, and creating output.
The CPU may be a single chip made of
Silicon that has thousands or millions
__________
Circuits built into it. The speed of
of tiny ________
the computer is measured by how fast the
CPU executes specific instructions, and is
expressed in:
MIPS
(Millions of Instructions Per Second)
___________________________________.
The CPU is only a little larger than a postage
stamp. Sometimes a computer also has a
Co-processor like a second brain that
______________,
works with the CPU on certain kinds of
Co-processor for
tasks. A math ______________,
example, helps a CPU do mathematical
calculations even faster.
The CPU in a personal computer is usually
located on the main circuit board, or
Mother Board of the computer.
________________,
Memory
Also on the mother board is ____________.
Memory
There are two kinds of _____________.
Read Only Memory
ROM _______________________
and
Random Access Memory
RAM ________________________.
Permanent memory that tells the
ROM is __________
computer in what order to process
information. It makes sure that the computer
Step-by-Step
follows a ____________________
approach
to calculating, displaying information to the
monitor, and so on.
Temporary memory that keeps
RAM is __________
track of the information put into the
computer and the specific commands given
to the computer. It can only remember this
information while the computer is turned on.
Forgets
If you turn off the computer, it _________
everything in RAM.
In addition to memory, you often find a
Graphics Controller
______________________,
a
Disk Controller
______________________,
and
Ports
________________
on the motherboard.
Graphics Controller tells the monitor
A __________________
how to display information on the screen.
A __________________
Disk Controller
tells a floppy disk
or hard disk how to store information for
later use.
Ports
______________
are connectors that allow
you to attach any number of things – such as
a monitor, printer, modem, mouse, or
keyboard – to the computer.
INPUT DEVICES:
Keyboard
The ______________
is used to type letters
and numbers into the computer and to move
things around on the screen. Most keyboards
QUERTY (the order of the
use the standard _________
letters, reading from the left, on the top row)
layout of keys, which was designed during
the nineteenth century to slow typist down
and to separate certain letter combinations to
Jamming
keep mechanical typewriters from ________.
INPUT DEVICES:
Mouse
A _____________
is another device used to
input information into a computer. It has a
moving ball with two wheels that sense the
direction in which the mouse is being
Pointing
dragged across the desktop. By _________
at different parts of the screen, a mouse can
select different features. It can also be used
to draw pictures. Other pointing devices are
trackballs, joysticks and pressure-sensitive
tablets.
INPUT DEVICES:
Sound Digitizers are used to convert
_________________
sounds we can hear, such as voices or music,
into a form that can be understood by the
computer. Some computers are equipped
Microphones so that you can record
with ______________
directly onto your computer just as you
would onto a tape recorder.
INPUT DEVICES:
Scanner is a device that converts
A ___________
Digital form.
written words or pictures into _______
Digitized an image can
Once it has been __________,
be read and changed by the computer. There
are a number of different scanners.
INPUT DEVICES:
Hand-Held
_______________
scanners are about the
size of a chalkboard eraser. When you drag
“Reads” the
the scanner over a picture, it _________
picture and converts it into a signal which is
dent to the computer.
INPUT DEVICES:
Flatbed
A _____________
scanner looks like a copy
Photograph is placed face
machine. A _____________
down on the scanner and a moving head
“Reads” the image.
inside the scanner __________
INPUT DEVICES:
Digital
Another type of scanner uses a __________
video camera which takes a picture of the
image or object.
INPUT DEVICES:
Sensor
A ___________
can be used to check
conditions such as temperature, light and
Sensor takes a reading
moisture. The _________
Digital
and converts the information into a _______
format so that the computer can understand
Sensors are used in scientific
it. _________
laboratories to tack experiments, and in
manufacturing to guide robots and their
movements.
STORAGE DEVICES:
Storage units do not require constant electric
Store information
power because they can _______
for later use. Most storage is either
Magnetic
Optical
_____________
or ___________.
STORAGE DEVICES:
Magnetic memory works on the same
____________
Magnetic
principal as a cassette tape. ___________
Floppy
storage is usually in the form of a ________
Hard disk, or a _______
Tape drive.
disk, a _______
Magnet
Exposure of the disk or tape to a _________
may erase everything.
STORAGE DEVICES:
Floppy disk contains a circular piece
A _________
of flexible (floppy) material coated with tiny
Magnetic charge.
particles that will hold a _________
STORAGE DEVICES:
Drive can ______
Read the
A device called a ______
charge of the particle as a
Negative or __________.
Positive
__________
STORAGE DEVICES:
Drive can also change the charge of
A ________
the particle by _________
Writing to the disk. A
floppy disk is used to load programs on the
computer, and sometimes to transfer
Information to another computer. It is easily
__________
inserted and removed from the computer.
STORAGE DEVICES:
Hard disk is made up of a series of
A _______
stacked, rigid (hard), circular disks.
STORAGE DEVICES:
Because a number of disks can be stacked
together and the information placed closer
together, hard disks can store much more
Floppy disks.
information than _________
STORAGE DEVICES:
Hard disks are usually used to store
Programs and ________
_________
Large files. A moveable
head, similar to a record arm, moves over the
spinning disks to read the information
contained on them. Hard disks can be either
Fixed or made as ___________
Removable cartridges.
______
STORAGE DEVICES:
Information on both floppy and hard disks
Tracks --concentric circles
are organized in _______
almost like grooves on a phonograph record
Sectors shaped like pieces of a pie.
--and ________,
To find a specific item on the disk, the
Track and _______
Sector
computer can go to the ______
that contains it, and then scan until it finds
what it wants. Because it does not have to
search the entire disk, the computer finds the
information faster.
STORAGE DEVICES:
Tape drive uses a cartridge with a long
A _______
piece of magnetic tape wound inside it. The
Reads or _______
Writes the
cartridge head _______
information on the tape as the tape passes
Tape drives are used only
over it. Most ______
for making copies of the information stored
on the computer in case it is lost or damaged.
Tape drives are very slow
This is because ______
Accessing specific information
at __________
STORAGE DEVICES:
CD-ROM
(Compact-Disc Read-Only Memory)
________________________________
Optical storage. As a
is an example of _________
compact-disc player for a stereo, information
Laser rather than
is stored using a ______
Magnetically A _______
Laser burns tiny pits
____________.
into the surface of the disc. The laser can
later read these valleys as bits of information
STORAGE DEVICES:
Optical drives are WORM
Most ________
(Write Once Read Many) devices, which
_______________________
means information stored on them can be
read many times but cannot be erased and
Optical disks, however,
rewritten. Some ________
Optical storage
can be erased and reused. ________
devices can hold very large amounts of
information and the disks are relatively
inexpensive to manufacture and distribute.
STORAGE DEVICES:
The following table compares the typical
storage capability of different media.
STORAGE DEVICES:
High Density Diskette
1.4 megabytes – 720 typed pages
Hard Drive
80 megabytes – 40,000 typed pages
CD-ROM
540 megabytes – 270,000 typed pages
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Monitor is like a TV set that allows
The __________
you to see the output of the computer.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
A ___________
Monitor displays information by
using _________.
Pixels
A ________
Pixel is a single
Pixels form
dot on the screen. Groups of ________
text or pictures on the screen.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Monitor
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Resolutions
A monitor can have different ____________
Pixels can be
depending upon how many ________
Pixels
displayed upon the screen. The more ______
Resolutions and
it can show, the higher its ___________
the sharper the picture.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
A monitor described as having 640 x 480
Resolution can display 640 ______
Pixels across
___________
Pixels up and down, a total of
and 480 _______
Pixels at one time. Monitors can
307,200 ______
display information in Black
_____ and White
_____
Grey or ______.
Color
(Monochrome), shades of ______
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Sound Card is made up of a series of
A _____________
Circuits that take sound stored in ______
Digital
________
form computers understand and convert it to
Analog form which you can hear. A
________
Sound Card is one kind of _______
Digital
______________
Analog converter.
________
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Sound is converted, it is sent to
Once the ________
Speaker either inside the computer or
a _________
Sound
attached to it, which generates the _______
Sound Cards
you hear. _______
_______ usually allow
Sound into the computer as
you to input ________
well as play them.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Printer allows you to print out
A _________
information on paper. The quality of a
Printer is determined by how detailed a
________
Printer
print it can produce. A high-quality _______
can produce up to 300 DPI (dots
____________.
per inch)
This means a solid one-inch printed square
would consist of 90,000 tiny dots (300 across
and 300 down).
OUTPUT DEVICES:
There are several different technologies used
to print an image, including;
Laser Printers
_______________,
Ink-Jet Printers
_______________,
Thermal Printers
_______________,
Impact Printers and
_______________,
Plotters
_______________.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Laser printer works like a copy
A _________
Laser traces the image’s
machine. A _________
Photosensitive drum.
Dot pattern onto a _____________
____
As the drum rotates, another drum leaves
Toner
__________
particles on the charged area. A
Toner off the drum and
wire pulls the _______
deposits it onto the paper. Another roller
Toner and presses it
then heats the _______
permanently to the paper.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Ink-Jet printers use ___________
Liquid Ink that is
_________
shot like a jet through tiny nozzles in the
Ink is forced through the
print head. The _____
nozzles as the head moves across the page,
Ink dots, which dry
leaving a series of tiny ____
to form an image.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Thermal printers use specially coated paper
__________
like a fax-machine paper to print information.
Toner to the
Ink or ________
Instead of applying ____
Dot on the paper,
page, a print head heats up a ____
causing the paper to turn dark. Another type of
Thermal printer uses rolls of different
_________
Waxed paper that are melted into
colored ________
individual Dots
____ on the paper. Combinations of
four colors black, blue, red and yellow produce
a broad range of color.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Impact printers uses a series of _____
Pins
_________
Dot Matrix
aligned in a rectangle call a ___________.
For example, there might be a total of 24
Pins arranged 4 pins across and 6 ____
Pins
_____
down. Letters and pictures are formed when
Pins strike a ________
Ribbon that leaves ____
Ink
the _____
on the pages whenever there is a ____
Dot to be
printed. The head of the printer then moves
Dots in the next
over slightly to print the _____
matrix.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Plotters are used primarily for
__________
engineering and architectural drawings. A
Pens is controlled by moving arms
series of _____
Lines on the
to actually draw individual _____
paper.
OUTPUT DEVICES:
Modem short for modulator
A ________,
demodulator, is a device which allow you to
communicate with other computers over a
Telephone line. _________
Modems convert
____________
information from a form that a computer
understands to a form that can travel over a
Telephone line. Once information gets
_____________
to the computer on the other end of the line,
Modem back into
it is converted by another _______
a form that it can understand.
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you
please go through
“Understanding
Data”!
Understanding Data
Data are collections of information:
Numbers
___________,
Text
___________,
Pictures
___________,
or
Sound
___________.
Each piece of data stored in the modern
Bits or ______,
Digits
computer is made of _____
interpreted by the computer as 1 or 0 – on or
Circuit
off – depending on whether a simple ______
is on or off.
Binary Digit is called a _____;
Bit
A single _____________
Bits usually make a ______.
Byte
eight _____
Memory capacity is usually counted in
Bytes -- thousands _________,
Kilobytes
multiples of ______
Megabytes or billions of bytes
millions ____________,
____________.
Gigabytes
Because computers use only 0 and 1, the
Binary number system, they need more
_________
places to describe numbers. Numbers are
Bytes
usually written as _______.
Think of a Byte
____
as a series of eight light switches. Each
On or ____.
Off
switch has only two positions: ____
The table below shows how numbers 0 through 0 are
Bytes of information:
represented as _______
Number
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Binary Byte
00000000
00000001
00000010
00000011
00000100
00000101
00000110
00000111
00001000
00001001
Integers or
This system works well for _________
Whole numbers. However, more complex
________
Real numbers, use a different
numbers, or ______
Bytes of information.
system requiring more ______
Real numbers are stored using a system
_____
resembling scientific notation which uses a
floating decimal point. For example, the number
12,345.67 could be stored as 1234567 x 10 to the
Real numbers require
minus 2 power. Because _____
Bytes of information and are processed
more _____
slightly differently, many computers use special
Point Units
co-processors called FPUs Floating
_________________.
Text is stored using a special code
_____
corresponding to the numbers between 0 and
255. The code called ASCII
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
The computer represents each character as an
Binary number, or _____
Byte of
eight-digit ________
information.
The table below show how some of these
characters are represented.
Character
$
1
A
ASCII Code Binary Number
36
00100100
49
00110001
65
00110000
Pictures are stored as a series of small
_________
Pixels A video controller for
dots called _______.
your monitor might provide for example, 640
Pixels This means that each
x 480 ______.
Pixels and
horizontal row contains 640 ______,
there are 480 of these rows stacked
vertically.
Black &________,
White each
If your monitor is ________
Pixel requires only one _____
Byte of
______
information, telling it to display 1 (black) or
0 (white).
Grayscale it designates
If the monitor is __________,
Gray between
up to 256 different shades of _____
Pixel
black and white for each ______.
Color monitors use three separate
_______
Electronic________
Beams -- Red, Green, and
________
Scans the screen
Blue. Each color beam ______
Pixel with a
and electronically paints each ______
certain amount of color, which when
combined with the others produces the
desired final color.
Pixel will
Eight _____
Bits of information per _____
produce 256 different colors on the screen.
Bits will produce 32,767 different
Sixteen ____
Bits will produce 16.7 million
colors and 24 ____
different colors – the maximum number of
colors the human eye can see, sometimes
True Color
referred to as ______
_____.
Sound is made up of __________,
Vibrations which
________
travel through the air by passing from one
Molecule to the next. These __________
Vibrations
__________
Waves -- if you could see them
are called _______
Waves at the
they would look like the _______
beach.
Amplitude of the ______
Wave
The height, or ___________,
determines how loud the sound is.
How ______
Close the ______
Waves are together
Frequency
determines the ______________,
or pitch –
how high or low the sound is to your ear.
Sound Wave
Sampling
Sound is stored in a computer by _________
Wave at specific time intervals and
a sound ______
Amplitude of
then assigning a value to the __________
Wave
the sound on the _______.
When sound is
played back, the computer rebuilds the shape
Wave and sends that information to a
of the ______
Speaker that vibrates the _____,
Air
_________
Wave that you
recreating the original sound ______
can hear.
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you
please go through
“Computer
Software”!
Computer Software
Software
______________,
a set of instructions
Program is what makes
organized into a __________
Hardware work. A ___________
Program tells
___________
the computer specifically what to do.
There are three main categories of programs:
Operating Systems
______________________,
Application Programs
______________________,
and
Programming Languages
______________________.
Operating Systems control the basic
___________________
operations of the computer
Operating system software is the set of
Programs that control all of the
___________
Input
computer’s basic operations-- ________,
Output
File _________,
Memory and
__________,
_______,
Task Management
______
___________. This software can
best be thought of as a traffic police officer,
sending instructions to the place in the
computer where they will be carried out.
There are two styles of operating systems,
Text Based
______________
and
Graphical
______________.
Text based systems require that you type
Exactly as specified,
each command __________
Memorize a
which means you must ___________
Commands and their
number of ___________
Formats
_________.
MS-DOS, a popular system that operates on
IBM-compatible personal computers, is a
Operating
good example of a text-based ___________
System
____________.
Graphically based, or GUI
Graphical______
User Interface
(________
________), systems
Menus or ______,
Icons form
present you with _______
which you select commands. These are
obviously easier to learn, since you need
Recognize each command rather than
only __________
Recall it.
________
Examples of graphical operating systems
Macintosh Operating
include the __________
_________System
______,
used with the Apple Macintosh computers;
Windows a graphical shell that works
__________,
Unix a system that
with MS-DOS; and ______,
runs on a number of different personal and
minicomputers.
Application Programs allow you to do a
___________________
specific job with the computer, such as write
a letter or draw a picture.
What type of program made this?
Database Manager
Database ___________,
Managers
_________
or DBMs, are
Organizing ________,
Storing and
used for __________,
Keeping track of a set of information
__________
Database
called a __________.
The data are organized in lines called
Records with each _________
Record consisting
_________,
Fields
of a number of ________.
The same set of
Fields with different contents in each
________,
Field is stored for each ________.
Record
_______,
For example, a troop attendance database
Record for each
could be set up with a _______
Record would
Scout in the Troop. Each _______
Fields for the Scout’s name,
consist of _______
patrol, rank, and for each Troop meeting,
campout, or other event.
Present or ________
Absent could
An entry of _________
Field of each
be made in the appropriate ______
Record after each activity.
Scout’s ________
The Scoutmaster could then easily print out
a roster of Scouts who attended a particular
event.
He could also us the DBM program to
Calculate the ___________
Percentage of
____________
activities attended by each Scout.
A good DBM can perform complicated
Sorts and _________
Searches of the _________,
Database
_______
Reports
and produce neatly printed __________,
Graphs and pie ________.
Charts
with bar ________
What type of program made this?
Spreadsheet
Spreadsheets are similar to database
____________
managers with several important
Spreadsheet program
differences. A ____________
Tables of _________,
Numbers
handles _________
Calculating row and column __________,
__________
Subtotals
Totals and ___________.
Percentages
________,
Number in the ______,
Table
If you change a ________
Recalculates the
the program immediately ___________
totals.
Like the DBM, the spreadsheet can
Text or ________
Graphic output.
produce _____
It can quickly show what happens to your
budget if, for example, you decide to
Increase a certain ______,
Item or to ________
Reduce
________
Fixed percentage.
every item by a ________
Word Processors
_______
___________ provide a series of
Writing easier. Once
tools that make ________
Words are entered into the computer, they
_______
Rearranged and _________.
Corrected
can easily be ____________
Word Processors
Like other programs, _______
__________
Size and ______
Style
allow you to change the _____
Font of the _______,
Letters
(together called the ______)
Different versions of documents
make ___________
Retyping them, check
without completely __________
Spelling and produce neat
your ___________,
Printed output. Some even ______
Check your
_________
Grammar
_________.
Spelling and _________
Grammar checkers are
___________
Foolproof If you ________
Misspell a word
not ___________.
Another word,
in such a way as to make _________
Spell-checker will not find it.
the ________________
What type of program made this?
Desktop Publishing
Desktop___________
Publishing programs allow you
_______
Words __________,
Pictures and
to incorporate _______,
Drawings and place them on a _______.
Page
__________
Formatting
They include special _____
Tools for __________
Converting pictures so they can be
text, __________
printed on different types of _________,
Printers and
Adding color.
_________
Newsletter a _________,
Poster
You can design a __________,
Book on a __________
Desktop
or even a ________
Publishing program.
_____________
Graphics and ________
Design programs allow
_________
Pictures and __________
Drawings
you to make __________
on the computer.
Some programs draw in two dimensions and
Paint or ______
Draw
are known as either _______
programs.
Two
Other programs allow you to draw in ____
Three dimensions and create
and ______
Models
sophisticated _________.
These programs are know as CAD or
Computer-Aided Design
_________________
________, programs.
Three-dimensional CAD programs can be
Wire-frames or outlines, of
used to create ___________,
Objects and _______
Solid Models
_________,
________, which
Texture _______,
Light and Shadows
can show ________,
_______.
Automotive
CAD programs a used by ___________
Automotives
engineers to design entire ____________
Part
down to each individual ______.
What type of program allowed
Nathan to be your instructor?
Animation
Animation programs allow you to
___________
Text ________,
Graphics _______,
Sound and
combine ______,
Video on screen for _____________,
Entertainment
________
Education or _________
Business presentations.
__________,
These programs often provide a series of
Path-based
tools to produce both _____________
(drawing a line that an object will follow) or
Cell-based animation (a series of
_____________
successive drawings that appear to move
when played back, similar to television
Cartoons
___________).
Sound programs provide the tools to
_________
Record ______,
Edit __________,
Rearrange ________,
Process
_________,
mix and _______
Play back ________.
Sound
______,
You can record you _______,
Voice _______,
Music or
Sounds by converting them into
other ________
Digital format and then ________
Storing them
_________
on the computer.
Convert them back
The computer can then _______
Analog format for playback.
to ________
Recorded using a
Music is usually ___________
special code called MIDI
(Musical Instrumental Digital Interface
__________________________________.
Musical instrument to
This code allows a _________
Musical instructions when it is
create _________
Played that can be understood by the
_________
Computer
__________.
Computer then tells another MIDI
The _________
Instrument to play back the same
____________
Notes
______.
Multi-channel
Software
Special ________________
music ________
Mix a number of different MIDI
can _____
instruments together to produce a complete
Digital band.
________
What type of program allowed this
modem to communicate with
another computer?
Communications
_______________
Communications programs allow
Talk to each other.
computers to _______
Communications software allows
Standard _______________
Emulate a _________
Terminal so that
to act like, or ________,
it can talk to ____________
Mainframes or
Minicomputers
_______________.
This software also allows _________
Computers to talk
Network
to each other on a local ___________.
Send and _______
You can ______
Receive messages,
Files
share ___________,
and even share
Programs
__________.
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you
please go through
“Programming
Languages”!
Programming Languages
Program Languages are used to write
___________________
other programs.
Programming Language
A ____________
_________ converts
Instructions typed by a programmer into a
____________
Format the computer can understand.
_______
Tasks and
The computer then performs the ______
_________
Converts them back into _______
Words and
Numbers the programmer can understand.
_________
What type of code is this?
Machine Code
Machine
Early programs were written in __________
Low-level code.
code, or __________
Machine code is a set of __________
Instructions
____________
Computer
specific to that particular ___________.
Machine code instructions are written
____________
Binary
in __________
language, i.e., 0’s and 1’s.
High-level
Later, _____________
programming
languages that could be converted into
Machine Code
___________
_____ were developed.
This made programming easier, since
_________
Programs could be written in a more
English-like
________________
language and then
Compiled and ____________
Translated into a
__________
Machine code.
___________
Higher-level
Programs written in _______________
Source
language are usually referred to as ________
code.
Compiler program would convert this
A ___________
__________
Source code into __________
Machine code,
Object code.
also called _______
Compiled it could
Once a program was __________,
not be changed.
The __________
Source code had to be changed and
Recompiled into a new
the program __________
Object code.
_______
Source
Another method of converting ________
code into _________
Machine code is called
Translation in which an ___________
Interpreter
___________,
program converts each instruction as it is
Machine code.
sent to the CPU into __________
High-level programming
Examples of ____________
languages are:
COBOL
____________,
FORTRAN
____________,
BASIC
____________,
Pascal
____________,
and
C
_______.
Common __________
Business
COBOL stands for _________
Oriented __________
Language and was popular
___________
Business-oriented programming on
for ________________
Larger
___________
computers.
Formula _________
Translation
FORTRAN stands for ________
Scientific
and is used primarily for ___________
and
Engineering programming.
_____________
Beginner’s ____
All-purpose
BASIC, short for __________
_______
Symbolic __________
Instruction _______,
Code is an
___________
All-purpose language often used to
___________
Microcomputers
program ________________.
Pascal is named after the French
Blaise________.
Pascal
mathematician _______
It was
originally designed as a teaching tool but is
General-purpose programming
now a ________________
language.
Programming language
C is a very popular _____________
because it was designed to work on a number
Computers
of different ___________.
A program written in C for one type of
Computer can easily be converted to
___________
Size and ______
Type of
work on a different ______
computer.
Object-oriented languages such as
Recently, _____________
C++ have become popular.
______
Object programming is done by putting
_________
together _______,
Groups or ________,
Modules of
commonly used commands such as
Print how to
instructions on how to _______,
Save information to a disk, etc., into
______
Complete programs.
__________
Object programming saves ______
Time
_________
Reuse
because the programmer is able to _____
parts of programs that have already been
Developed by others.
_________
Programming this way is more like putting
Pieces of a puzzle than trying to
together _______
Design each ___________
Individual piece.
________
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you
please go through
“Communications”!
Communications
What is this?
Modem
How does it help computers
communicate?
Communicate with other
Computers can ____________
Linked together,
computers if they are ________
Software
have the appropriate ____________,
and
Rules or _________,
Protocol
understand the ________,
Communicate
each uses to _____________.
Computers can be linked in the same
Local-Area
building over a LAN ____________
Network using telephone-type ________
Wiring or
________
Cables
special _________.
Computers can communicate over
Wide-Area _________
Network using special
_____________
Phone lines designed for transmitting
________
Digital information.
__________
A _____________
Wide-Area _________
Network might span
the entire country.
Communicate anywhere in
Computers can _____________
the world if they have a _______
Modem and ______
Access
to standard ______________
Long-Distance telephone lines.
Computers _______
Send and __________
Receive
Blocks
information in _________.
Signals at the ___________
Beginning and
Special ________
End of each ________
Block tell the
_____
communicating computers whether the
Sent and
correct information was _______
Received
__________.
Computers communicate at different ______,
Speeds
Bits-per-second or _______,
Baud
measured in the _____________
rate.
For example, early modems Transferred
__________
data a 300 ________.
Baud
Speeds
Common modem communication ________
9600 to _______
12800
have increased from _______
baud.
____________
Networking computers allows users to
Send and _________
Receive messages
_______
Electronically thorough email __________
Electronic
____________,
Mail and to share __________
Programs and
_______
_______.
Files
Sending electronic mail usually involves the
following steps:
1) The person wishing to _____
Send a message
Service
connects to a electronic mail __________
Modem
using a ________.
Host
2) He or she ________
Uploads the message to a ____
computer using a special network _______
Address
Receiving the message.
for the person _________
Hostcomputer stores the _________.
Message
3) The ____
4) When the person to whom the message
Host computer,
Sent logs onto the ______
was _______
Host computer indicates that ______
Mail is
the _____
Waiting
_________.
Message is _____________
5) The __________
Downloaded form
Host computer to the ___________
Receiver’s
the _____
Read
computer to be ______.
LAN’s are usually set up in one of _______
Three
Shapes or ______________:
Configurations
basic ________
___________________,
Star Network
Bus Network
___________________,
and
Token-ring Network
___________________.
These different types of networks have
Advantages in terms of _______,
Speed
different __________
Capacity
Capabilities
____________,
and other ____________.
Star network, each computer is
In a ______
Controller like the
linked through a central __________,
spokes of a bicycle wheel connecting to a
Hub
central _____.
A ______
Bus network, has a main _______
Cable
Highway with ______,
Exits or
similar to a _________,
Branches for each computer.
__________,
A ____________
Token-ring network connects each
Computer to the _______
Next in a large
____________
Circle
________.
Modem and a __________
Telephone line,
By using a _______
you can connect you computer to a BBS, or
Bulletin-board __________.
Service
________________
Number of computers
BBS’s allow a _________
Share information Simultaneously
users to ________
___________
Discussions or ________,
Forums
and even have ____________,
on-line.
Besides the many local, ________
Private BBS’s,
Commercial BBS’s,
there are a number of ____________
CompuServe ___________
Prodigy and
such as ______________,
America __________,
Online
___________
which provide all
Information from electronic
kinds of ____________,
________________
encyclopedias to the latest sports
Scores and company _______
Stock Prices.
_______
Commercial services charge an
Most _____________
Hourly connect ____
Fee to use the system.
_______
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you
please go through
“Computers
At Work”!
Computers At Work
The computer industry itself is huge and
offers many job opportunities in sales and
Engineers
manufacturing. Electrical ____________
design hardware. Electronics
______________
Technicians build and repair them.
Technically competent people with creative
Designing and
minds are in demand for __________
Writing new applications software.
__________
Universities have computer science
departments. Each large computer system,
such as those in Business, industry, science,
and health care, requires a _______
_______
System Manger
to keep it running.
Many of these large systems hire
Programmers to develop and improve
____________
applications software.
There are also many computer-related jobs
that are not specifically in the computer
Graphic_________
Designers
industry. For example, ______
Special _______
Effects Creators
and ______
_______ use computers
to produce special film sequences for movies
and television commercials. Films will
Digital cameras
eventually be shot using _______
Digitally
and edited completely _________.
___________
Air-Traffic Controllers
________ who guide
commercial airplanes in and out of airports
use sophisticated computer systems to help
Record companies
them do their jobs. _________
now record and edit albums and compact
discs digitally using computer equipment.
Lawyers are using animation programs to
_________
produce simulations or reenactments of
crimes to help persuade juries as to what
happened in their case.
Oil __________
Companies use computers to
Large ___
analyze geographic data in search for places
to drill new oil wells.
________
Doctors are using computers to receive
images such as X rays and CAT scans from
patients who can’t come into their offices for
diagnosis.
__________
Computer-Driven
_______ robots are used
extensively in assembly-line manufacturing,
where they provide precise control of
sophisticated equipment.
These robots must be designed, built, and
programmed. Most jobs in the future will
Computer skills.
require some basic __________
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Now, would you
please go through
“Copyrights and
Software Piracy”!
Copyrights
&
Software Piracy
Most software is produced by __________.
Publishers
Software Publisher
A ________
_______ is a company that
produces and sells software. Producing good
software requires a lot of work. The program
must be designed, written, tested,
supplemented with directions on how to use
it, packaged and shipped to stores where is
can be purchased. Most software is
Copyrighted which means that it cannot be
___________,
copied without special permission from the
__________.
Publisher
(Books, records, and movies are protected
the same way.) Most publishers allow you to
One backup copy of the program in
make _____
case something happens to the original.
Illegal to give copies of the
However, it is ________
software to your friends. If you do, you are
Crime The Programmer
committing a ________.
___________,
Publisher the ___________
Distributor and the
the ___________,
Store all lose money if you copy the
________
program.
They then have to charge higher prices or, in
some cases, not make any more new
Shareware
software. Some software, called _________,
is distributed in a slightly different way.
Shareware is available form a number of
___________
places, such as electronic bulletin boards,
Pay for it before
and doesn’t require you to ____
Shareware
you use it. The people who make _________
want you to try the program and see if you
like it. If you want to keep it, they ask you to
____
Pay for it by sending money to them.
Their name and address are usually provided
at the beginning of the program. It is OK to
Shareware
give a friend a copy of a __________
program as long as they promise that if they
decide to keep and use it, they will send
_________
Payment to the publisher.
Some software is completely free. Called
Public-domain software, it is not
_______________
copyrighted and can be used and copied.
Scouts, describe
several ways in
which you and your
family could use a
personal computer
other than for
games and
recreation.
Scouts, you had best
be writing these
ideas down, cause
this will allow you
to complete
requirement 9 of
the computer merit
badge.
Again, Scouts,
describe several
ways in which you
and your family
could use a personal
computer other
than for games and
recreation.
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
This completes the
text book session of
the Computer Merit
Badge!
Scouts, if you have
viewed the power
point presentation
from the beginning to
the end, and filled out
the workbook, you
have completed the
following merit badge
requirements.
Requirement 1
Requirement 2
Requirement 3
Requirement 6
Requirement 7
Requirement 8
Requirement 9
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Would you please
go over requirement
4!
Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)
A) Use a database manager to create a troop
roster, providing name, rank, patrol, and
telephone number of each Scout. Sort the
register by rank, by patrol, and alphabetically
by name.
Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)
B) Use a spreadsheet program to develop a
weekend campout food budget for your
patrol.
Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)
C) Use a word processor to write a letter to
parents of your troop’s Scouts, inviting them
to a court or honor. Use the mail merge
feature to make a personalized copy of the
letter for each family.
Requirement 4 (Do THREE of the following)
D) Use a computer graphics program to
design and draw a campsite plan for your
troop.
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Would you please
go over requirement
5!
Requirement 5 (Do TWO) of the following)
A) Visit a business or industry that uses
computers. Study what the computer
accomplishes and be prepared to discuss
what you observed.
Requirement 5 (Do TWO) of the following)
B) Use a computer attached to a local area
network or equipped with a modem to
connect to a computer network or bulletinboard service such as Prodigy, CompuServe,
or America Online. Send a message to
someone on the network or download a
program or file from the network.
Requirement 5 (Do TWO) of the following)
C) Use a general-purpose programming
language to write a program application of
your choice, subject to approval by your
counselor.
Scouts, as you can see
you have some work
ahead of you in order
to complete the
Computer
Merit Badge, but with
Mr. Fleming’s help
this is the fun part!!
Mr. Fleming will be
more than willing to
arrange time during
the remaining
sessions, for this merit
badge, so you can
work on requirements
4 & 5.
Or, you may work on
requirements 4 & 5 on
your own, with the
approval of Mr.
Fleming.
Or, you can setup
individual
appointments with
Mr. Fleming to
work on
requirements 4 & 5.
The choice is yours!
I would like to thank
each and everyone of
you Scouts for
allowing me to be your
teacher,
and I want to give a
very special thanks to
Mr. Fleming for
volunteering his time
and for all his hard
work in putting
together this
Computer Merit
Badge class!!!!!!
Your Welcome
Nathan!
Thank you
Mr. Fleming!
Well, I am off in
search of another
adventure, and I
would like to leave
you with the
following thoughts!
Turn On Your Speakers,
So You Can Listen To My Music!!
Click Your Mouse
And Enjoy!!
Make Yourself Comfortable!!
Reflect On Your Day!!
May Each Sunrise,
Find You With A Smile On Your Face!!
May Your Smile Be Contagious,
And Brighten Someone’s Day!!
May God’s Blessings Shine Upon Your Face,
And Give You Peace!!
Keep Smilin’
And
Lookin’ Up!!! - (:o}
Compliments Of: Dave Fleming
Scouts, can you list what computer
components were used in the making
of the presentation you just viewed!!