Transcript Chinese Nationalism - Pleasantville High School

Chinese Nationalism
Homework
• Vocabulary: Mao Zedong, Long March,
Jiang Jeshi, Deng Xiaoping, Great Leap
Forward, Cultural Revolution, Red
Guards, commune, Tiananmen Square.
Geography
• Isolated for many centuries because of
geographic barriers.
• Silk Road
• Yellow River (Huang He) Yangzi
• Middle Kingdom
• Dynastic Cycle
• Mandate Of Heaven
North, South , East, West
Natural barriers isolated China from all other civilizations.
Mongolian Plateau
Taklimakan Desert
Plateau of Tibet
Himalaya Mountains
Gobi Desert
Pacific Ocean
China: Cultivating the Land
Click Red Stars to find more information.
China is geographically divided into two parts. Outer China is a sparsely
settled region of high mountains, plateaus, steppes, and deserts. Agricultural
China is where 95% of the Chinese people live.
Under Communist rule, China’s
agricultural land and farmers were
organized in to collective farms in an
attempt to increase agricultural
production.
Collective Farming
Can China Feed Itself?
China: Ruling the People
Dynasties: Ancient China was governed by a ruling class of warrior nobles
headed by a king. Ruling families are referred to as dynasties. The Shang
Dynasty (1766 BC) was the first verifiable dynasty and ruled China for 600
years. The Shang dynasty was overthrown by Zhou who established a
dynasty and introduced the idea of the Mandate of Heaven.
The Han dynasty centralized the Chinese government and established a
bureaucracy which included eighteen different ranks of civil service jobs
that civilians obtained by taking competitive examinations.
1911-1949 The Republic of China was established under the leadership of
Sun Yat-sen
1949- The Republic of China moved to the island of Taiwan
1949 –The People’s Republic of China came to power under the
Communist leader Mao Zedong.
Dynastic Cycle
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China: Philosophy and Religion
Confucius was addressed as The Master
all over China. His teachings were based
on virtue and goodness. Confucius
believed that the past tells us how to live in
the present. His sayings were recorded in
a book called The Analects.
Other Chinese philosophies
include Taoism ( Daoism)
and Legalism
Buddhism spread
to China from India.
Confucius
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Attain Peace
Good Government
5 relationship based on male/age
Respect
Filial piety: respect for elders/respect for
parents
• Everyone needed to know their
responsibility.
• Group more important than individual
Han Dynasty
• Civil Service Exams: knowledge of
Confucianism.
• Golden Age of China: paper, wheel
barrow, rudder, fishing reel,
acupuncture, jade and ivory carvings.
• Wudi
1800s
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Ethnocentric Civilizations
China vs Great Britain
China wanted stay isolated.
Opium War
Technology
Treaty of Nanjing/1st of the Unequal treaties
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Hong Kong
Open Ports
Extraterritoriality
reparations
Spheres of Influence
• Foreign countries maintain Trading
rights in certain areas of China
• Boxer Rebellion: citizens revolt against
the foreigners and the government.
• Nationalistic revolt
• Fails but sets the stage for the 1911
Revolution of 1911
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Sun Yixian/Sun yat Sen
3 principles of the people
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Democracy
Nationalism
Economic freedom
Era of Warloads
Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai shek)
• 1925 became leader of the nationalists
• Mao Zedong leader of the Communists
Mao Zedong
Jiang Jieshi
Why did the Communists dislike
the Nationalists
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Corruption in the government
Poor living conditions
No health care for poor
No education
Hunger disease
Poverty
All powerful government
The Long March
Long March Map 1934-5
100,000 men and woman began the trip
that would last over a year until October
19, 1935 in Yan'an in Sha'anxi Province.
Some of the prominent Chinese leaders
that began the Long March were Mao
Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, Zhu
De, Peng Dehuai, leading the Third Army
Group, Lin Biao, Liu Bocheng, Ye
Jianying, Li Xiannian, He Long, and
Chen Yi was left behind with the
wounded and sick.
Robin Hood Promise
• If you help us when we win we will give
you LAND.
• Support of the peasants
• Support of the women
1937 Year of Change
• Japan invades China
• Communists and nationalist join
together to fight a common enemy.
• Rape of Nanjing
• 1937 to 1945 they are temporary allies
Civil War
• 1945 to 1949 Civil War resumes
• Communists win and the Americans
had a cow
• Jiang Jieshi and his followers flee to
Taiwan
• (JJ) Sets up the Republic of China on
Taiwan
• Mao sets up the Peoples Republic of
China
People’s Republic of China
• Not democratic
• One Party Dictatorship ruled by Mao
• Kills 2 million land owners and
redistributes.
• Provides national healthcare
• Opens schools
Brutality
• Like all communists Mao was Brutal
• He executed 2 million landlords
• He demanded loyalty to the state over loyalty
to friends and family
• Confucianism is pushed to the side as the
dominate ideology in China. Replaced by
Communism
• He crushed all opposition to the communist
government
• Mao was as brutal as Stalin
Korean War
• Mao sent troops to help North Korea
• Americans were now fighting the Red
Army.
• MacArthur crossed over into China
• Truman fires him afraid of war with
Soviet Union
Changing role of Women
• Only role for women in Confucian society:
wife
• Ended
• Women gain some rights
• Equality under the law
• Work along side men in factories and farms
• Did not have full equality/ government jobs;
less pay
• education
Superpower
• Mao wanted China to be a superpower
like the US and USSR
• This was impossible
• They were developed nations and
China was not!
• Mao wanted to be the leader of the
communist world.
• After all the world was like China full of
peasants.
Mao’s Modernization Plan
• The Great Leap Forward
• Ultra rapid program for industrialization
Chinese style
The Great Leap Forward
• Mao wanted to increase agricultural
and industrial production quickly.
Agriculture
• Collectivization
• Creating large farms out of small farms.
• Overnight he moved 700 million people
forcefully to 26,000 communes.
• Red Army to round up the farmers
• Families were broken up and family
members were sent in different
directions.
Typical commune
• 5000 families
• Farmers had to turn over their land, tools,
and animals.
• Commune controlled all aspects of life
• Elderly sent to “Happy Houses”
• Babies sent to nurseries so mothers could
work in the fields.
• Command Economy: unrealistic quotas
Famine
• Mao wanted the communes to double their
food production in one year.
• Impossible
• Why did so many starve to death?
– Each commune chief stated that the commune
had reached its goal.
– Red Army took the food to the cities
– People on the communes ran out of food and
starved to death.
– 20 to 30 million starve to death
Industrial Production
• Production quotas: wanted to triple
steel production 1.7 tons to 5.35 tons
• Backyard furnaces
• Impure and weak steel
• Deforestation: need wood for furnaces
• Result failure: 20 - 30 million die 1958 1961
• Disrupted industrial development
Mao loses face
• Communist party removed Mao’s
power over the economy
• Deng Xiaoping will be given power over
the economy.
• Mao is pushed to the side.
• Mao plans his comeback
Mao plans his comeback
• Mao and radicals vs the moderates
(Deng Xiaoping)
• Cultural Revolution was design to
crush all opposition to Mao’s power.
• Creates A “Generation Gap”
• Convinces the teenagers that they are
the future and they are heroes.
• The teenagers join the RED GUARD/
supporters of MAO
The Cultural Revolution
1966 -1976
• 11 million students join the RED
GUARD
• Took control of all local governments
• Attacked anyone who disagreed with
Mao
• Gangs of young people roamed the
streets
• Publicly humiliated or harmed
EVERYONE IN AUTHORITY.
The Cultural Revolution
1966 -1976
• Caught the mayor of the town/ parade
around the town in a dunce cap
• Attacked artists, scholars, intellectuals
school teachers and school
administrators
• Did not attend school
• Burned books, libraries, and museums.
• Mao took control of the army and killed
many government officials
Little Red Book
• Stopped the Chinese from saying
Confucius and start saying “Quotations
from Mao.”
• Atheist: against religion
• Factories were in chaos, factories
stopped producing goods.
• End result of the Cultural revolution
was Death, famine, economic, social
and political chaos.
Cultural Revolution
• New Movement
• Mid-1960s, Mao tried to regain power, prestige lost after Great Leap
Forward
• Initiated new movement called Cultural Revolution, sought to ride
China of old ways, create society where peasants, physical labor
were the ideal
• Red Guards
• Campaign meant eliminating intellectuals who Mao feared wanted to
end communism, bring back China’s old ways
• Mao shut down schools, encouraged militant students, Red Guards,
to carry out work of Cultural Revolution by criticizing intellectuals,
values
• Destruction of Society
• Mao lost control; Red guards murdered hundreds of thousands of
people; by late 1960s, China on verge of civil war before Mao
regained control
• Cultural Revolution reestablished Mao’s dominance, caused terrible
destruction; civil authority collapsed, economic activity fell off sharply
Nixon visits China
• 1972: Nixon visits China and meets
with Mao.
• Normalizes relations with China.
• US promises to end the recognition of
Taiwan as the legitimate government of
China .
• USSR and China have become enemies
1976
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Mao dies
The Cultural Revolution Ends
Mao’s supporters are put to death
Gang of Four are arrested and
convicted
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping 1904-1997
Deng Xiaoping 1976 - 1997
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Mao dies 1976
Modernizes China
“Four Modernizations”
Industry, agriculture, science, defense
“Responsibility System
Farmers private plots: some given to gov’t
excess could be sold
• Factory managers could base production on
supply and demand rather than by gov’t
decree.
• Creates a market economy= capitalism
Deng Xiaoping
• Some privately owned small business
and private property
• Special Economic Zones
• Investment by foreign businesses
• Sparked economic growth and raised
standards of living
• Large gap between rich and poor;
unemployment, inflation, crime
Deng Xiaoping
• “It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or
white as long as it catches mice.”
• Increase trade with the west
• Foreign investment in the economy
was encouraged
• Utilized the concepts of capitalism to
improve the Chinese economies
• Unsuccessful political reforms
Tiananmen Square Massacre
• Refused political freedom
• Allowed increased contact with west; sent
students abroad to study
• Violations of human rights
• Intellectuals in large cities organized
movements to demand a more open political
system
• 100,000 people rallied in Tiananmen Square
• Troops sent in and many killed
Tiananmen Square Massacre
More Freedoms
Pro-Democracy Protestors
• Inspired by movement toward
economic freedom
• Spring 1989, democratic reforms in
Eastern Europe
• Chinese demanded more political
freedom
• One million pro-democracy
protestors occupied Beijing’s
Tiananmen Square
Leaders Impatient
Freedom Had Not Arrived
• China’s leaders repeatedly asked
protestors to leave square
• June 1989, tanks, troops moved
into square
• Protestors remained, met with force
• Killed protestors in Tiananmen
Square Massacre
Jiang Zemin
• Replaces Deng Xiaoping
• New leader of China
• Human rights violations/forced labor
camps
• Continued Deng Xiaoping’s programs
• Decreased central planning, increased
private ownership.
One child policy
• One child policy to control population
growth.
• Male children desired
• Female children abandoned
• More than one child/ heavy fines/ loss
of benefits/ loss of housing benefits
• Forced sterilization
Return of Hong Kong
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1997
Freest capitalist system in the world
One country two systems
Important connection to world
economy
China Today
China’s economy has grown rapidly as market reforms have continued. Today,
China’s economy is the second largest in the world, behind only the United
States. As the economy has improved, so has the standard of living for many
Chinese.
Economic Development
Other Challenges
• Economic growth has not reached
all China’s 1.3 billion people
• Large population, rapidly expanding
industries
• To prevent further population
growth, Chinese government
encourages families to have only
one child
• High demands on resources,
environment
• Imports coal, iron ore, oil, natural
gas to meet energy needs
This has caused shortages and higher costs for these resources on the global
market, as well as air and water pollution within China.
President Hu Jintao
President Hu Jintao moves China toward
capitalism
Human Rights Issues
Human rights abuses another concern for
critics of China
• Chinese government continues to limit free speech,
religious freedoms
• Exercises strict control over the media
• Political protestors can be jailed
• Nation’s courts accused of failing to provide fair trials
• Critics increased calls for reforms after Beijing chosen to
host 2008 Olympic Games