Transcript 幻灯片 1

英语语言学：第3章
Chapter 3
2015年7月20日星期一
Morphology
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
outline
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme
3.2.2 Bound morpheme
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
3.4 Types of Word Formation
3.4.1 Compounding
3.4.2 Derivation
3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation,
Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
3.1 Introduction
 Definition of morphology
 Morphology is a branch of grammar
which studies the internal structure,
forms and classes of words.
 un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily;
unkindly; unlonely
 -fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
3.2 Morpheme
 It is a minimal unit of meaning or
grammatical function.
 tourists: tour; -ist; -s
 talks; talker; talked; talking
 Types of morpheme: free morpheme
and bound morpheme
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
3.2.1 Free morpheme
 Free morphemes are independent units
of meaning and can be used freely all
by themselves. friend, happy, kind,
simple, false, tour, talk, etc.
 Root: the basic element of a word that
can stand by itself: talk,
internationalism, work/shop, black/bird
 Stem: the element involved in a word
without the last added bound
morpheme: friends, friendships
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Stem
 A stem may be:
 a simple stem consisting of only one
morpheme, in which case the root and
the stem are the same: work, talk
 a root plus a derivational affix: workers
 two or more roots: work\shops
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Lexical (open) morphemes vs
Functional (close) morphemes
 Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of
ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry
the content of message we convey. Since we
can create new lexical morphemes for the
language rather easily, they are called an open
class of words: book, desk, house, love, look,
long, happy
 Functional (close) morphemes consist of the
functional words in the language such as
conjunctions, articles, prepositions and
pronouns. As we almost never add new
functional morphemes to the language, they are
called a closed class of words: and, but,
because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
3.2.2 Bound morpheme
 Bound morphemes are those that cannot be
used independently but have to be combined
with other morphemes, either free or bound, to
form a word. They are actually affixes, including
prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing.
In some languages, there are also infixes.
 Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or
stem. They can change the meaning or function
of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich
 Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem.
They can also change the meaning or function of
the word. hopeless, kindness
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Derivational morphemes vs
Inflectional morphemes
 Derivational morphemes are OFTEN
used to make new words of a different
grammatical category from the stem. –
ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-,
im-, un Inflectional morphemes manifest
various grammatical relations or
grammatical categories such as
number, tense, degree and case.
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Inflectional morphemes in English
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English has only eight inflectional morphemes:
-’s: possessive
-s: plural
-s: 3rd person present singular
-ing: present participle
-ed: past tense and past participle
-en: past participle
-er: comparative
-est: superlative
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Differences between derivational
morpheme and inflectional morpheme
 Derivational morphemes can change
the grammatical category of a word,
creating an entirely new word.
Inflectional morphemes never alter the
grammatical category of a word.
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Summary
Lexical morpheme
Free morpheme
Functional morpheme
morpheme
Derivational morpheme
Bound morpheme
Inflectional morpheme
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
 Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic
segments of an utterance on the level of
parole. They are the phonological (spoken)
or orthographic (written) forms which realize
morphemes. They are minimal carriers of
meaning.
 Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs
which represent the same morpheme.
Allomorphs are phonological or
orthographic variants of the same
morpheme.
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Allomorph
Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.
{-s} (plurality)
[-z]: meanings
[-s]: maps
[-iz]: watches
[-ai-]: mice
[-i:-]: feet
[0]: deer
2015年7月20日星期一
{-ed} past tense
[-t]: talked
[-d]: stayed
[-id]: created
( phonological)
-d: changed
-ed : worked
(orthographic)
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
3.4 Types of Word Formation
 Word formation or word building is the
creation of new words, which is useful
to us because it can enrich our
vocabulary by learning some major
ways. The most important ways are
compounding and derivation.
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
3.4.1 Compounding
 Definition: putting two words together.
The first element receives the main
stress, and the second one determines
the new word’s class.
 typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver,
blackboard
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Types of compound words
 a. noun compounds
noun + noun: armchair, rainbow
verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth
adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair
 b. verb compounds
noun + verb: vacuum-clean, manhandle
verb + verb: sleepwalk
adjective + verb: dry-clean
 c. adjective compounds
noun + adjective: color-blind, snow-white
verb + adjective: stir-crazy
adjective + adjective: dark-blue, pale-yellow
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
3.4.2 Derivation
 Definition: adding affixes to other words or
morphemes
 free morpheme + bound morpheme:
unhappy; misunderstand; careful; careless
 Affixes can be described by function or
meaning: childhood; childlike; childless;
childish
 The derivational process may alter the
grammatical or morphological form: antiterrorist; computation; placement; colorful
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Computer words
 -ware: software, hardware, shareware,
freeware
 cyber-/e-: cyberspace, cyberchat, ecommerce, e-cash
 techno-: technobabble, technostress,
technophobia
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Conversion: zero derivation
 He’s papering the bedroom walls.
 n→v: elbow; milk; skin; hammer; nurse;
e-mail
 v→n: doubt; attempt; must, guess, spy
 adj→v: dry; free; better; down, dirty,
empty
 adj→n: native; short, crazy, nasty
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Backformation
 Definition: remove the suffix to get a
new word
 edit; opt; enthuse; typewrite
 Télévision (French)→ televise
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Clipping
 Definition: abbreviation of longer
words
 fridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; gym;
telecom; flu, prof, phone, gas, plane,
sitcom
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Blending
 Definition: combining two separate
forms, taking only the beginning of one
word and joining it to the end of
another word
 brunch: breakfast + lunch
 motel: motor + hotel;
 smog: smoke + fog
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河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Acronym
 Definition: forming words from the first
letters of a series of words, which are
pronounced as single words.
 NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 UNESCO: United Nations Education, Social
and Cultural Organization
 AIDS: acquired immune deficiency
syndrome
 SARS: severe acute respiratory syndrome
 laser: light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Initialism
 Definition: forming words from the first
letters of a series of words, which are
pronounced by saying each letter.
 CD: compact disk
 VIP: very important person
 WTO: World Trade Organization
 CPU: central processing unit
 ID: identification card
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Summary
3.1 Definition
3.2 Morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme (lexical vs functional)
3.2.2 Bound morpheme (derivational vs
inflectional)
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
3.4 Types of Word Formation
3.4.1 Compounding
3.4.2 Derivation
3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation,
Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
Exercise
 1. Define the following terms.
 morphology, morpheme, free morpheme, bound
morpheme, morph, allomorph, derivation,
clipping, acronym, initialism, blending, root,
stem, prefix, suffix
 2. Determine whether the words in each of the
following groups are related to one another by
processes of inflection or derivation.
 A. discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable,
discoverability
 B. inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲
英语语言学：第3章
2015年7月20日星期一
河南大学外语学院 姜玲