Transcript NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN

NONEXPERIMENT
AL RESEARCH
DESIGN
INTRODUCTION…
 Nonexperimental research design is one of the
broad categories of research designs, in which
the researcher observes the phenomena as they
occur naturally, & no external variables are
introduced.
 It is a research design in which variables are not
deliberately manipulated, nor is the setting
controlled.
 In nonexperimental research, researchers collect
data without making changes or introducing
treatments.
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NEED OF NONEXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
 Nonexperimental designs can be used to conduct a
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study are as follows:
The studies in which the independent variables
cannot be maintained.
The studies in which it is unethical to manipulate the
independent variable, i.e. manipulation may cause
physical or psychological harm to subjects.
The studies or research situations where it is not
practically possible to conduct experiments.
Descriptive-type studies that do not require any
experimental approaches.
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TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
Descriptive Design
Univariant descriptive design
Exploratory descriptive design
Comparative descriptive design
Correlational design
Prospective design
Retrospective design
Developmental Research Design
Cross-sectional design
Longitudinal design
Survey Research Design
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TIVE
RESEARC
H
DESIGN
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INTRODUCTION…
 The purpose of descriptive studies is to
observe, describe, & document aspects of a
situation as it naturally occurs, & sometimes
to serve as a starting point for hypothesis
generation or theory development.
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MAIN FEATURES…
 Descriptive designs are used to observe, document,
& describe a phenomenon occurring in its natural
setting without any manipulation or control.
 The descriptive studies are designed to gain more
information about characteristics within a
particular field in the real world.
 Descriptive studies provide an impression of a
situation as it occurs in natural settings.
 Descriptive studies do not involve the manipulation
of variables, & variables are studies as they exist in
the real world.
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 Descriptive design may be used to develop theories,
identify problems with current practices, justify
current practices, make judgments, or determine
other practices in similar situations.
 In descriptive studies, bias is prevented through
operational definitions of variables, large sample
size, random sampling techniques, valid & reliable
research tools, & formal data collection methods.
 Descriptive designs include identification of
phenomenon of interest, identifying the variables
within the phenomenon, developing operational
definitions of the variables, & describing the
variables.
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TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
1. Univariant descriptive design
2. Exploratory design
3. Comparative design
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1.
Univariant descriptive design
 Univariant descriptive designs are undertaken to
describe the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon.
 This design does not necessarily focus on the study of a
single variable; there may be one or more variables
involved in the study.
 For example, a researcher is interested in assessing the
experiences of patients suffering from rheumatoid
arthritis. In this study, the researcher may describe the
frequency of different symptoms experienced by the
patients & the type of treatment they received during
the course of disease, etc. There are multiple variables
in this research study.
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2.
Exploratory design:
 Exploratory design is used to identify, explore, &
describe the existing phenomenon & its related
factors.
 In other words, it is not only a simple description or
the frequency of occurrence of a phenomenon, but
its in-depth exploration & a study of its related
factors to improve further understanding about a
less-understood phenomenon.
 For example, an exploratory study to assess the
multifactorial dimensions of falls & home safety
measures for elderly people living in selected
communities in the city Mehsana.
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3.
Comparative design:
 Comparative design involves comparing &
contrasting two or more samples of study subjects
on one or more variables, often at a single point of
time.
 This design is used to compare two distinct groups
on the basis of selected attributed such as
knowledge level, perceptions, & attitudes; physical
or psychological symptoms; & so on.
 For example, ‘A comparative study on health
problems among rural & urban older people in
district Mehsana, Gujarat.
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CORRELATIO
NAL
RESEARCH
DESIGN
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INTRODUCTION…
 This is a nonexperimental design, where researcher
examines the relationship between two or more
variables in a natural setting without manipulation
or control.
 In other words, it is a research design where
researchers study the relationship of two or more
variables without any intervention.
 For example, this design was used for ‘A
correlational study on the effect of smoking on
lung cancer among people in Mehsana.
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MAIN FEATURES…
 In correlational studies, the researchers
examine the strength of relationships
between variables by determining how
change in one variable is correlated with
change in the other variable.
 Generally, correlational studies have
independent & dependent variables, but
the effect of independent variable is
observed on dependant variable without
manipulating the independent variable.
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 In some correlational studies, identification of the
independent & dependent variables is difficult; however,
in most correlational studies, the independent variable is
identified, which, without any intervention, influences
the dependent variable. For example, this design was
used in ‘a correlational investigation of the study habits &
visual acuity among school children studying in selected
schools in the city of Mehsana’. In this study, study
habits are the independent variable, while visual acuity is
the dependent variable.
 In epidemiological language these studies are known as
cause & effect study, where cause & effect relationship is
investigate in natural settings without imposing
experimental interventions. This cause & effect
relationship can be investigated either in forward
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TYPES OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
1. Prospective research design
2. Retrospective research design
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1.
Prospective research design:
 A design in which the researcher relates the
present to the future is a prospective research
design .
 Prospective studies start with a presumed cause
& then go to presumed effects.
 In this research design , researcher observes
phenomenon from cause to effect.
 Prospective designs are often longitudinal, but
may also be cross sectional.
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 for example, a researcher conducting ‘a prospective
correlational study on effect of maternal infection
during pregnancy on foetal development &
pregnancy outcome .’
 In this study, the researcher starts by collecting
data from pregnant women regarding any history of
infection among women during their current
pregnancies, next observes foetal development &
pregnancy outcome, & finally analyses the
relationship of maternal infection during pregnancy
& foetal development & pregnancy outcome.
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Retrospective research design:
 A design in which the researcher studies the
current phenomenon by seeking information
from past is a retrospective research design.
 In this the researcher links the present
phenomenon with the past events.
 In other words, the researcher has a backward
approach to study a phenomenon, where he or
she moves from effect to identify the cause.
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 For example, this design was used in ‘a
retrospective correlational study on
substance-abuse-related high-risk factors
among traumatic head injury patients
admitted in neurosurgery ICU of Geetanjali
Medical College & Hospital, Udaipur’.
 In this study, the researcher first approached
head injury patients, & then tried to identify
the number of head injuries that occurred
under the influence of substance abuse.
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DEVELOPME
NTAL
RESEARCH
DESIGN
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INTRODUCTION…
 Developmental research design examines the
phenomenon with reference to time.
 Developmental research designs are generally used
as adjunct research designs with other research
designs such as cross-sectional-descriptive,
longitudinal-correlational research designs.
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TYPES OF DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH
DESIGN
1. Cross-sectional design
2. Longitudinal design
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Cross-sectional design:
 Cross-sectional research design is one in which
researcher collects data at particular point of time
(one period of data collection).
 These studies are easier & more convenient to
carry out.
 For example, a researcher is interested in
assessing the awareness on swine flu among
people of an area.
 Here the researcher interacts only once to collect
awareness-related data from respondents.
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Longitudinal design:
 Longitudinal research design is used to collect data over
an extended time period (long-time study).
 Its value is in its ability to demonstrate change over a
period of time.
 For example, a researcher in interested in the perception
of nursing students towards nursing profession from the
beginning of nursing programme to its end.
 In this example, it is appropriate to use the longitudinal
research design to study this phenomenon.
 Longitudinal studies are generally classified into three
types:
I. Trend studies
II. Panel studies
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III. Follow-up studies
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I. Trend studies:
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These help to investigate a sample from a
general population over a time with
respect to some phenomenon.
Trend studies permit researchers to
examine pattern & rate of changes & to
make prediction about future direction
based on previously identified patterns &
rates of changes.
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II. Panel studies:
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A panel in research is referred to the sample of
people involved in a study.
In panel studies, same people are involved & over
a period of time they become more informative on
the phenomenon than the subjects in trends
studies because the researcher can not only
examine the patterns of change, & but also the
reasons for change.
The same selected people are contacted for two or
more times to collect further data.
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III.Follow-up studies:
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These are undertaken to determine the
subsequent states of subject(s) with a
specific condition or those who have
received a specific intervention.
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EPIDEMIOLO
GICAL
RESEARCH
DESIGN
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CONCEPT…
 Epidemiology is the study to investigate the
distribution & causes of the diseases in
population.
 Therefore, epidemiological studies are
generally conducted to investigate causes of
different diseases in either prospective
approaches (causes to effect) or retrospective
designs.
 Prospective studies are known as cohort
studies & retrospective studies are called casecontrol studies.
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Cohort studies:
• In this design, a longitudinal approach is used to
investigate the occurrence of a disease in existing
presumed causes.
• For example, a researcher longitudinally observes
the smokers for development of lung cancer.
Case-control studies:
• In this design, causes of a disease are investigated
after the occurrence of a disease.
• For example, a researcher investigates the history of
smoking in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.
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ADVANTAGE OF NONEXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
 Nonexperimental research designs tend to be closest to
real-life situation.
 Nonexperimental research designs are most suitable for
the nursing research studies..
 Numerous human characteristics are inherently not
subject to experimental manipulation (e.g. blood type,
personality, health beliefs, medical diagnosis, etc.)
 There are many variable that could technically be
manipulated, but manipulated is forbidden on ethical
grounds.
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DISADVANTAGES OF
NONEXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH DESIGN
 The major disadvantage of nonexperimental
researches is that the results obtained & the
relationship between the dependent & independent
variable can never be absolutely clear & error-free.
 Nonexperimental studies are conducted for
comparative purposes using nonrandomly selected
groups, which may not be homogeneous & tend to be
dissimilar in different traits or characteristics, which
may affect the authenticity & generalizability of the
study results.
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