Transcript Age of Early European Explorations & Conquests

The Diversity of American Colonial
Societies, 1530 – 1770
Chapter 19
I. The Columbian Exchange
A. This term refers to the transfer of
peoples, animals, plants, an diseases
between the New and Old Worlds.
B. Old World diseases devastated
indigenous populations to a point that
resistance was almost futile.
The “Columbian Exchange”
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Squash
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Avocado
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Peppers
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Sweet Potatoes
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Turkey
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Pumpkin
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Tobacco
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Quinine
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Cocoa
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Pineapple
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Cassava
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POTATO
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Peanut
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Vanilla
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M AIZE
TOM ATO
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Syphilis
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Trinkets
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Liquor
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GUNS
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Olive
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COFFEE BEAN
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Banana
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Rice
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Onion
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Turnip
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Honeybee
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Barley
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Grape
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Peach
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Oats
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Citrus Fruits
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Pear
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W heat
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HORSE
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Cattle
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Sheep
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Pigs
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Smallpox
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Flu
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Typhus
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Measles
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Malaria
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Diptheria
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W hooping Cough
SUGAR
CANE
C. The New and Old Worlds were
participating in an exchange of plants and
animals which significantly alters diet and
lifestyle changes
D. Historians believe that the rapid
growth of population after 1700 was
attributed in large part from the spreading of
useful crops.
Cycle of Conquest &
Colonization
Explorers
Official
European
Colony!
II. Spanish America and Brazil
A. Initially, when Spanish and Portuguese colonies
were established, the Council of Indies ruled these colonies
directly.
B. However, the great distance between the colonies
and their respective mother countries created difficulties in
communication.
C. Viceroyalties were established to rule their colonies
more directly than before.
Spanish and Portuguese
Colonies
III. State and Church
A. The Catholic Church became the
primary agent for the introduction and
transmission of Christian belief as well as
European language and culture.
B. The Church was responsible for the
conversion of Amerindians, ministering to
Europeans in the colonies, and for formal
education.
IV. Colonial Economies
A. Since the time of Columbus,
Amerindians were used to provide labor for
Europeans.
B. Amerindians were forced into labor
through a system known as encomienda.
C. Epidemics as well as mistreatment
led to a decline in the Amerindian
population.
V. Society in Colonial Latin America
A. Few noble families from Spain came to the
New World allowing for lesser nobles, called
Hidalgos, to be well represented within the
Colonial system.
B. Spanish settlers were always a tiny majority
compared to the numerically superior Amerindians.
C. This led to interbreeding and a systemized
class stratification within the colonies.
D. The class system of Latin America:
1. Peninsulares – top of the social
hierarchy they were people born within the Iberian
peninsula.
2. Creoles – Whites who were born in the
Americas to European parents.
3. Mestizos – Offspring of European men
and Amerindian women.
4. Mulattoes – Offspring of mixed European
and African descent.
The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Native Indians
Mulattos
Black Slaves
VI. English and French Colonies in North
America
A. Hopes for profitable investments led to
increased interest in colonization.
B. Early English colonies failed and included
Newfoundland (1583) and Roanoke Island (1587).
C. Successful colonization of Ireland provided
a blueprint for establishing colonies in the New
World.
English and French Colonies
VII.The South
A. The privately funded Virginia Company established
the colony of Jamestown in 1606.
B. The English Crown took over management by 1624
and primarily developed the Chesapeake Bay area as a
tobacco plantation economy.
C. Initially, they relied on labor from indentured
servants until they switched to slaves.
D. The slave population in Virginia increased from 950
in 1660 to 120,000 by 1756.
E. Virginia became administered by a
Crown-appointed governor and a legislative
body known as the House of Burgesses.
F. The House of Burgesses developed
into the first form of democratic assembly in
North America.
G. The southern part of the Carolinas was
settled by planters from Barbados and developed
primary into a slave-labor plantation economy.
H. Their primary commodities were rice and
indigo.
I. Colonial South Carolina was the most
hierarchical society with a wealthy planter class
dominating small farmers, merchants, cattlemen,
artisans, and fur-traders.
VIII. New England
A. New England was primarily settled by two
groups of people known as Pilgrims and Puritans.
B. Pilgrims wanted a complete break from the
Church of England and established Plymouth
colony in 1620.
C. Puritans wanted to reform the Church of
England and established the Massachusetts Bay
Colony in 1630.
D. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was less
hierarchical than the southern colonies and
experienced a rapid increase in population.
E. The political institutions of the colony were
derived from the terms of its charter and provided
for an elected governor in 1650 and a lower
legislative house.
F. Massachusetts evolved into an economy of
commerce and shipping.
IX. The Mid Atlantic Region
A. Manhattan Island was first colonized by the
Dutch but then taken over by the English in 1664.
B. James, duke of York and later King James II
of England, became proprietor of the colony, which
was renamed New York.
C. This colonies success was due in large part
in connecting the region’s grain farmers to
booming markets in the Caribbean and southern
Europe.
D. Pennsylvania was first developed as
a proprietary colony for Quakers but soon
developed into a wealthy grain-exporting
colony.
E. Pennsylvania’s grain was produced
by free family farmers.
Early Colonial America
X. French America
A. France was committed to missionary
work and the fur trade.
B. French expansion was driven by the
fur trade and resulted in the depletion of
beaver and deer populations.
C. The fur trade provided Amerindians
with firearms which inevitably increased the
violence of the wars they fought with each
other over hunting grounds.
D. As firearms reached the horse frontier
in the early 18th century, European
settlement became slowed due to increased
military power.
E. One of the first French colonies was New
France at Quebec in 1608.
F. The French expanded aggressively to the
west and South eventually establishing a second
fur-trading colony in Louisiana in 1699.
G. This expansion led to a war with England
known as the Seven Years War from 1756 – 1763
(aka French and Indian War). France lost Canada
to the English and Louisiana to Spain.
French-American Colonies