Transcript Saxie

MIGRATION AND OTHER SOCAIL PROCESES
SAXIE
2006
Migration
■ 1. Types of Migration
• What are the major forms of migration?
■ 2. Selective Migration
• Why migration can be considered as a selective process?
■ 3. Brain Drain
• What is the extent of movements of skilled labor?
Types of Migration
■ Emigration and immigration
A Problems or
benefits?
Emigrant
• Change in residence.
• Relative to origin and destination.
■ Requires information
• People and conditions.
• Two different places.
• Two different times.
■ Duration
Immigrant
B
Problems or
benefits?
• Permanent.
• Seasonal / Temporary.
■ Choice / constraint
• Improve one’s life.
• Leave inconvenient / threatening
conditions.
Types of Migration
Gross migration
Immigration
■ Gross migration
• Total number of people coming in and
out of an area.
• Level of population turnover.
■ Net Migration
Emigration
• Difference between immigration (inmigration) and emigration (outmigration).
• Positive value:
• More people coming in.
• Population growth.
– 44% of North America and 88% of
Europe.
• Negative value:
• More people coming out.
• Population decline.
Net migration
Annual Net International Migration by Continent,
1990-95
Oceania
North America
Latin America and
Carribean
Europe
Asia
Africa
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
Net Migration, 2000-05
3,000
Net Migration (1,000s)
NA
Negative net migration
Positive net migration
Types of Migration
■ International Migration
• Emigration is an indicator of economic and/or social failures of a
society.
• Crossing of a national boundary.
• Easier to control and monitor.
• Laws to control / inhibit these movements.
• Between 2 million and 3 million people emigrate each year.
• Between 1965 and 2000, 175 million people have migrated:
• 3% of the global population.
Migration Policies and Global Migration Patterns
Period
Policies
Pattern
Before 1914
Open policies (“showing up”).
From developed (Europe) to developing
Immigration as a source of labor and countries (Americas, Africa, Australia).
development.
Immigration from Europe between 1880
and 1910 was exceeded 25 million.
1920s and
1930s
“Closed door” linked with the
Limited migration.
economic depression. Deportation of
immigrants.
After 1945
More open policies. Reconstruction
in Europe (12% of labor force) and
economic growth in America.
After 1973
Relatively open policies, but with
From developing to developed countries
more stringent requirements. Growth (88%). 3 million illegal immigrants
of refugees and illegal immigration.
entering the US per year.
Beginning to shift from developing to
developed countries (12%).
World Migration Routes Since 1700
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese
Majority of population descended from immigrants
Major International Migration Patterns, 1990s
NA
Negative net migration
Positive net migration
International Migration: Main Destination Countries,
1997
Immigration, 1997
0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
France
Canada
Britain
% Foreign population
Immigration, 1997
Japan
Germany
United States
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
% of foreign population
14
16
18
Region of Birth of the Foreign-Born Population: 1850
to 2000
.
Not Reported
Northern America
Latin America
Africa
Asia
Europe
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Types of Migration
■ Local Migration
Central City
Suburb
• No state boundaries are crossed.
• Buying a new house in the same
town or city.
• Difficult to research since they
are usually missed in census
data.
• Based on change of income or
lifestyle.
• Often very high levels of local
migration.
• Americans change residence
every 5 to 7 years.
Types of Migration
■ Voluntary migration
• The migrant makes the decision to move.
• Most migration is voluntary.
■ Involuntary
• Forced migration in which the mover has no role in the decisionmaking process.
• Slavery:
• About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between
1519 and 1867.
• In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States.
•
•
•
•
Refugees.
Military conscription.
Children of migrants.
Situations of divorce or separation.
Types of Migration
Type
Characteristics
International
Crossing a boundary; easier to control; regulated;
difference in income; 2-3 million per year.
National
Between states or provinces; little control; employment
opportunities; education; retirement.
Local
Within a city/region; change of income or lifestyle.
Voluntary
The outcome of a choice.
Involuntary
The outcome of a constraint.
Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born
Population,Europe 2000 (in %)
Foreign Born
Native
Male
Female
Age
Male
Female
85+
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
45-49
40-44
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
10-14
5-9
0-4
8
6
4
2
0
Percent
2
4
6
8
8
6
4
2
0
Percent
2
4
6
8
Brain Drain
■ Definition
• Relates to educationally specific selective migrations.
• Some countries are losing the most educated segment of their
population.
• Can be both a benefit for the receiving country and a problem to
the country of origin.
■ Receiving country
• Getting highly qualified labor contributing to the economy right
away.
• Promotes economic growth in strategic sectors: science and
technology.
• Not having to pay education and health costs.
• 30% of Mexicans with a PhD are in the US.
World Urban Population, 1950-2000 with Projections
to 2020 (in billions)
4.5
4
Developing countries
Developed countries
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Annual Growth of World and Urban Populations,
1950-2030 (in millions)
100
90
80
World
Urban
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1950- 1955- 1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980- 1985- 1990- 1995- 2000- 2005- 2010- 2015- 2020- 20251955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
PRODUCER :
■ Kostadin Radkov
VG “A.S.P. Koroljov” Dupnica
2006,All rights reserved ®