Transcript 1. dia

Temperament and character
dimensions in a sample of
Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Viktor BÍRÓ1, Enikő GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS2
1University of Pécs
2University of Pécs
Field of interest
Temperament Theory:
Common ground
Various theoretical approaches agree
temperament:
• is biologically based
• refers to individual differences
• is modifiable by environment
• exhibits a relative degree of
stability over time
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
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Cloninger’s definition on
temperament and character is the
following :
• temperament represents automatic
responses in information processing and
learning, presumed to be heritable,
• character reflects personality development
in the context of insight learning and
environmental experiences.
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
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Cloninger’s temperament dimensions
• 1. Novelty Seeking
• 2. Harm Avoidance
• 3. Reward Dependence
• 4. Persistence
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
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Novelty Seeking is
• characterized by behavioural activation in response to new stimuli or
cues for potential reward or potential relief of punishment.
Harm Avoidance is
• defined as a heritable tendency to respond intensively to signals of
aversive stimuli, and responsible for learning to inhibit behaviour to
avoid punishment.
Reward Dependence is
• also a heritable tendency to respond intensively to signals of reward,
and to maintain or resist the behaviour that was previously been
associated with rewards or relief from punishment.
Persistence dimension means
• the maintenance of behaviour. Individuals high in Persistence are
hard-working and stable despite frustration and fatigue. They perceive
frustration as a personal challenge, and do not give up easily.
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
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Cloninger’s character dimensions
• 1. Self-Directedness
• 2. Self-Transcendence
• 3. Cooperativeness
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 7
Self-directedness
means an individual control to regulate and adapt one’s behaviour to fit
the situation in accordance with individually chosen goals and values.
Cooperativeness
dimension shows the individual differences in identification with and
acceptance of other people. Cooperative individuals are described as
socially tolerant, empathic and helpful.
Self-transcendence
is the third character dimension which is associated with spirituality, and
refers generally to identification with everything which is part of a
universal whole.
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 8
Previous studies:
Delinquent or antisocial behavior is associated with
• higher level of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance and
Self Transcendence and
• lower level of Self Directedness, Reward Dependence
and Cooperativeness
(Ruchkin - 2001, Atarhouch – 2004, Chakroun – 2004,
Giotakos - 2004, Nordin 2007, Herrero - 2008)
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
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Research question:
• Are there similar significant differences
between our two groups in the character
and temperament dimensions?
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 10
Our samples:
• 131 male persons with imprisonment history. Mean age
for this group was 30.27 years.
• Our control group involved 162 people with no criminal
history with a mean age of 29.93 years.
• There was no significant difference between groups
regarding means of age.
• We devided the samples into three age groups in order
to find the patterns of the differences in different life
stages (young= below 25 years, middle aged= 25-50
years and old= over 50 years of age) .
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
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Our samples:
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Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 12
Statistical analysis:
• The data were analyzed with SPSS Statistics 15
Statistical Analysis Software.
• The two group was investigated by independent samples
T-test.
• After that the dimensions raw scores were compared
using Two-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 13
Method:
• Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI,
1994) designed to assess differences between people in
seven basic dimensions of temperament and character.
• The Hungarian translation of Cloninger’s Temperament
and Character Inventory was used which has 240 items
(TCI Cloninger 1993, Rózsa Sándor, Kállai János, Osváth
Anikó, Bánki M. Csaba, 1993).
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 14
Our results:
• persons with criminal history have elevated levels of
Harm Avoidance, Persistance and Self Transcendence
• and lower levels of Self Directedness, Reward
Dependence and Cooperativeness
• we did not find evidence of higher levels of Novelty
Seeking
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 15
Mean raw scores :
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Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 16
Estimated Marginal Means of Novelty Seeking
testgroup
21,00
control
imprisoned
inprisoned
Estimated Marginal Means
20,00
19,00
18,00
17,00
16,00
15,00
below 25 years
25-50 years
above 50 years
agegroup
Main effect of testgroup: ns
Main effect of agegroup: p=0.008
Interaction: ns
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imprisoned
Main effect of testgroup: p=0.004
Main effect of agegroup: tendency (p=0.079)
Interaction: ns
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imprisoned
Main effect of testgroup: p=0.002
Main effect of agegroup: ns
Interaction: ns
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imprisoned
Main effect of testgroup: p=0.004
Main effect of agegroup: p=0.049
Interaction: ns
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imprisoned
Main effect of testgroup: p<0.001
Main effect of agegroup: p<0.001
Interaction: p=0.004
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imprisoned
Main effect of testgroup: p<0.001
Main effect of agegroup: ns
Interaction: ns
Page: 22
imprisoned
Main effect of testgroup: p=0.001
Main effect of agegroup: tendency (p=0.090)
Interaction: ns
Page: 23
Background field:
• This presentation is a smaller part of a bigger project in which
we conducted a research with 256 persons with criminal
history in 4 prisons.
• In our empirical research we used
 the Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory,
 R. Chris Fraley’s Relationships Structures (RS)
Questionnaire (a self-report instrument designed to assess
attachment patterns in a variety of close relationships) and
 the Szondi Projective Test’s (taken 8 times)
• We suppose that temperament and character dimensions,
together with the Szondi Test factors and the adult attachment
style will be correlated in the pattern of criminal offenders.
• The practical aim of the research was to help the work of the
probation supervision officers who assist the criminal offender
in their integration process to society.
Viktor BÍRÓ, Eniko GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS - Temperament and character dimensions in a sample of Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Page: 24
Acknowledgement




Eniko GYONGYOSINÉ KISS
László Nagy
Anna Székely
Ágnes Mórocz
for their help in the process of the research.
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Thank you for
your kind
attention!
Temperament and character
dimensions in a sample of
Criminal Offenders :
A comparison to healthy controls.
Viktor BÍRÓ1, Enikő GYÖNGYÖSINÉ KISS2
1University of Pécs
2University of Pécs