Chapter 11

The Civil War

p. 382-415

People in the North and South hope for an early victory, but the Civil War will go on for years. Hundreds of thousands of Americans will be killed before the war ends.

Chapter 11, Section 1

The Call to Arms

p. 386-391

As the war begins and states take sides, the North & the South draw up plans & hope for an early victory.

Taking Sides

Main Idea: As the war begins and states choose sides, loyalties in the four border states are divided.

• • • April 1861 : After Fort Sumter, Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers join the army – This causes 4 more states secede & join the Confederacy: (Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina and most of Virginia) Not all slave states secede.

Missouri, Kentucky,

Maryland, Delaware and 50 counties in Western Virginia refused to secede.

“Old Glory” vs.“The Southern Cross”

Border States

• • • Slave states that refuse to secede are called “Border States” –

Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia*, Maryland, & Delaware

Kentucky declares

neutrality

–

not favoring either side in a conflict

When Southern sympathizers in eastern Maryland destroy railroad & telegraph lines, Lincoln declares

martial law

in eastern Maryland –

military rule & citizens’ rights are suspended

North Against South

Main Idea: Each side has its advantages & disadvantages, and each side is sure it will win.

Northern Advantages:

• • • • •

MORE of EVERYTHING:

Larger population: – – 22 million vs. 9 mill. in South = More soldiers 75% of the nation’s wealth

$

85% of the nation’s factories – More supplies: weapons, food, uniforms, medicine, etc…..

66% of the nation’s railroads – More men & equipment, more quickly

Southern Advantages:

• • • •

MILITARY ADVANTAGES

: – The North must invade the South to win the war South would fight a “defensive war” to protect their homes and families –

Major motivation for men to join the Southern Army

Most experienced military officers are Southerners.

Three of the top U.S. generals resign from the army rather than fight against the South – Albert & Joseph Johnston &

Robert E. Lee

Question for discussion:

If you were the North?

If you were the South?

HOW WOULD YOU USE YOUR ADVANTAGES TO WIN THE WAR?

The Two Sides Plan Strategy

Main Idea: While the North wants to isolate the South and invade it, the South hopes to get help from Europe.

War Strategies: The North

• • Economic Pressure: –

1.) Naval blockade

-Keep cotton exports in the Southern ports -Keep European imports out!

Military Pressure: –

2.)

Seize control of the Mississippi River –

3.)

Capture Richmond (Confederate capital) What is an

Anaconda

?

Whose idea was this?

The Two Sides Plan Strategy

War Strategies: The South

• • • • Avoid losing major battles Repel Union invasion – – Fight a Defensive War Always hold the “High Ground” Gain European support Secure economic & military alliance with England & France Make North quit – Sound familiar?

The Many flags of the Confederacy

Americans Against Americans

Main Idea: The war often divides families as it draws most adult males on both sides into the military.

• • The U.S. Civil War is referred to as the War Between the States – – – State against State Town against Town Family against Family – – Brother against Brother KY Sen. John Crittenden’s sons fight on opposite sides – Four of Mary Lincoln’s brothers fight for the South.

Billy Yank vs. Johnny Reb – 800,000 white males of the South serve in the army – 2.5 million serve in the North “Billy Yank” & “Johnny Reb”

First Battle of Bull Run

Main Idea: Expectations of a quick victory are dashed at Bull Run in July 1861.

• • • Called the 1 st Battle of Manassas by the Confederacy – North names battles after nearest body of water – South after nearest town Battle site between capitals – 25 miles from D.C., about 75 from Richmond Spectators come to watch – Bring picnic lunches Random colored uniforms cause confusion.

First Battle of Bull Run

• • Unseasoned Union troops defeated by highly motivated & well-trained Confederate soldiers – Confusion over uniforms leads to “friendly fire” Panic sets in following defeat as Union troops & spectators flee back to Washington, D.C.

Panic and gridlock on the road back to D.C.

Lessons of Bull Run

Destroyed bridge after First Bull Run • • Lessons for the

North:

– War will be a long, drawn out, bloody conflict – Union soldiers need better training & better officers.

Lessons for the

South:

– Fight a defensive war • Make the Federals come to them.

– Going to need help from Europe in order to win What lessons were learned for each side?

A Soldier’s Life

Main Idea: Rain, mud, disease, and crowded prison camps take a heavy toll of both sides.

• • • Soldiers train up to 10 hrs/day – They also stand guard, write home, gather firewood, play baseball, and eat hardtack. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardtack Prisoner of War (P.O.W.) camps are horrible.

– Elmira “Hellmira” in NY holds 10,000. It was built to hold 5,000.

– Andersonville, GA was built for 10,000, It holds 35,000 Thousands die (up to 100/day) from starvation & exposure – Overcrowding is the worst.

11.1 SECTION FOCUS QUESTION:

Why did each side in the Civil War think it would win easily?

Both sides had distinct advantages and strategies for winning. The North had more of everything: soldiers, weapons, supplies, money, and technology. The South had better officers and would be able to fight a defensive war. They only needed to make the North give up the fight.