Transcript PLANNING HISTORY PART II - University of Hawaii at Hilo

PLANNING HISTORY: PART II
1900-1930s: persistent and expanded urban
problems and a diversity of (inadequate?)
responses
• Industrial hyper-development presented new
challenges eliciting a diversity of complex
responses.
• Economic depression (1929-39) stimulated “New
Deal” action ranging from environmental
planning, to urban and industrial/labor as well as
social reform.
Shattered dreams, lost hope
The Planning Responses
Reflected differing perspectives/philosophies
and differing outcomes.
Pragmatists (moles)
Utopians (Skylarks)
The solutions: realistic or utopian?
• City Efficient – Regulate and Redevelop
• New Communities – Reject,Recreate, and
Relocate
City Efficient: Pragmatic professionals
Who were they -Architects: Daniel Burnham (master
planner and “father of American
architecture”)
- Lawyers (Alfred Bettman and Edward
Bassett
- Engineers (Robert Moses)
- Social Critics (Jane Jacobs)
- Publicists/strategists (Walter Moody)
The
Pragmatic
Planners
Walter Moody
Jane Jacobs
Pragmatic ideology
Their perspective
• Improve city form for better functioning
• Engage in new construction to improve
infrastructure
• Adopt policies (control approach) to achieve
desired goals
Their vision
• Maintenance of capitalist order
Social Order
• Support for democracy and individualism
Idealists (utopian) planners
Their Perspective:
The city needed to be revamped and people relocated.
Their vision:
• Anti-urban
• Embraced semi-rural landscapes with green belt areas
• Implementation of mixed use landscape for self sufficiency
• Urban design - blend of country and city
• Ideal size of city - 30-40,000 population
Social order
• Prescriptive (at the cost of some laissez faire
individualism)
Who were labeled the idealists?
Best known:
Ebenezer Howard (1850-1929)
Robert Owen
(1771-1858)
Patrick Geddes
(1854-1932)
Best known
idealists…
Frank Lloyd Wright
(1867-1959)
Edouard de Jeanneret
aka LeCorbusier
(1887-1990)
Lewis Mumford
(1895-1979)
Frank Lloyd Wright: Architect &
Planner
LeCorbusier: Seeking economies of
scale in late capitalism?
To which of these camps do you
belong?
• Idealist?
• Pragmatist?
• Contemporary evidence of a blended
perspective?
III. CITY EFFICIENT MOVEMENT
(aka: City Scientific, or City Functional)
Application of empiricism (scientific data gathering)
• Educational and professional institutions promote the
planning process and establish professionalism in planning
• Planners sought public support through systematic
marketing efforts.
• Emergence of public-private partnerships in land
developments
See works of Robert Moses and Daniel Burnham, Walter
Moody for examples
Robert Moses: NY Master
Builder -bridges, parks,
parkways …
City efficient: accommodating the
automobile.
The Automobile Shapes The city (from article by M.
V. Melosi) Ford Model T-automobile 1920s
A search for new beginnings: Garden
Cities- the utopian response
A vision realized but never entirely enduring:
• 1824: New Harmony: a model village for America
• 1903: Letchworth: England first garden city
• 1920: Welwyn: England second garden city
• 1928: Radburn: First Garden City built in USA
• See Howard’s maps p.143-45 in Platt
Refer also to article by Robert Fishman (required
reading)
Ebenezer Howard’s ideal city design
Radburn, NJ:Enduring planning icon
A Garden City for USA –Radburn, NJ
The American Architect commented (1980):
Radburn:
Represents the first scientific effort that has ever
been made to establish a community designed
exclusively to minimize the danger of automobile
accidents.…It was also the desire of the builders
to create not only a [safe] community ..but …one
of beauty in appearance and the utmost in modern
efficiency.
Quoted in Kreukeberg 1087, p. 128
Radburn: Lasting contributions to planning
1. “NGO”-private partnership
2.
Separation of traffic by mode (the pedestrian path system
does not cross any major roads at grade)
3. Creation of mixed use largely residential "superblocks”.
4.
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Introduced five-step planning process - has been a lasting
guide:
i) formulate goals
ii) collect data
iii) develop plan
iv) implement plan
iv) evaluate at later date
Radburn: How ideal?
• Current population status versus planning
goal?
• Built for which social class(es)?
• Diverse or homogenous ethnic/social
groups?
• Efficient use of urban space?
• Access to employment?
Recapping planning accomplishments during
1920s
• 1906: First Major historic preservation act: The
Antiquities Act of 1906
• 1909: First– National Conference on City Planning
(NCCP)
• 1909: Plan of Chicago
• 1916 National Park Service created
• 1916: First comprehensive zoning ordinance adopted in
NY
• 1917: American City Planning Institute (ACPI) formed
• 1926: The rise of Zoning
• See list of dates in handout
Zoning Legalized
• 1922 – President Hoover’s government issued the
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act
• 1922 - Start of conflict between Village of Euclid and
Ambler Realty Co.
• 1926 - Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of
comprehensive zoning
(see Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company)
• 1928 - Standard City Planning Enabling Act (dictated
what could occur in the city)
Zoning’s seminal court cases (1)
• Discuss case:
Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company
See handout
New Deal Public Works
and Grande Vision of the
1930s
President F. D. Roosevelt’s New Deal
“Planning” Actions
• Successes and failures of Roosevelt's "New
Deal" programs
• See chart in the handout.
!
Relief in sight
•Roosevelt creates new programs
•CCC gives work to youth
•Monastery opens soup kitchen
New Deal: pragmatic and utopic
• The pragmatic: CWA, CCC, Social
Security ….
• The idealistic: Natural Resources Planning
Board (1939-43) Became involved in
national, state and regional planning.