Transcript Chapter 10: Land Use and Urbanization

Chapter 10: Land Use
and Urbanization
Mr. Manskopf
Notes also at
http://www.manskopf.com
Essential Questions Covered
• What are different land usages?
• What are some local land usages?
• Describe the impact of human
activities on the land.
• What are some local and federal laws
governing land usage?
Section 1 Goals
• What is the difference between land
cover and land use?
• Describe how people impact the land.
• Explain how urbanization occurs.
• Describe the environmental impacts of
urbanization
Most people used to live like this
Increasingly people live like this.
Major Urban Regions in U.S.
• For the first time in
history, there are now
more urban residents
than rural residents.
Land Use and Land Cover
Land cover: Vegetation and
structures that cover land.
Land use: Human activities
that occur on land
Humans change land cover,
especially in urban areas.
These changes have
environmental and
economic effects
What are some land uses and cover in Audubon?
What
does this
pie chart
tell us?
What is
largest
land use in
U.S.?
What do these bar graphs show
us?
Urban vs. Rural
•Urban: Land mostly • Rural: Any other type
covered with
of land use or land
buildings and roads cover (includes
(includes suburbs)
forests, cropland,
etc.)
Urbanization
• Occurs when people
move from rural areas
to cities
• Cities are not new,
but the enormous
size of today’s cities
is. More than 20 cities
have at least 10
million residents.
Why are
people
moving
to cities
and
leaving
rural life
behind?
SHOULD
WE
CARE?
Environmental Costs of
Urbanization
Pollution: Increased
waste, industrial
byproducts, noise
pollution, light
pollution
• What is noise
pollution? Light
pollution?
Noise Pollution
Light Pollution
What the night should
look like.
Environmental Costs of
Urbanization
• Heat islands:
Cities, several
degrees warmer
than
surrounding areas,
affect local weather
and trap pollutants
WHY?
What can cities do to reduce this
impact?
Environmental Costs of
Urbanization
• Imported
resources: Fossil
fuels are burned
to import food,
water, fuel, and
raw materials.
Environmental Benefits
of Urbanization
• What do you
think are some
environmental
benefits if
cities?
Environmental Benefits
of Urbanization
• Efficiency: Less fuel and resources needed
to distribute goods and services to residents
• Universities and research centers: Urban
areas tend to foster education and
innovation.
• Land Preservation: Dense urban centers
leave room for agriculture, wilderness,
biodiversity, and privacy.
Section 1 Review
• What is the difference between land
cover and land use?
• Describe how people impact the
land.
• Explain how urbanization occurs.
• Describe the environmental impacts
of urbanization
Section 1 Quiz
1) Which type of area would
Miami, Florida, be considered?
• A. urban
B.rural
C. country
D.suburban
2) What is one of the primary
factors that draws people from
rural areas to urban areas?
A. less pollution
B. more jobs
C. more open space
D. heat islands
3) A jackhammer on a city street is
an example of what type of
pollution?
A. light
B. water
C. noise
D. air
4) Trees, grass, crops, wetlands,
water, buildings, and pavement are
all examples of
A. land use.
B. land cover.
C. urban areas.
D. rural areas.
5) The primary type of land cover
in the United States today is
A. forest land.
B. cropland.
C. urban land.
D. parks and preserves.
6) Land that is sparsely populated
and has few buildings or roads is
defined as a(n)
A. infrastructure.
B. heat island.
C. urban area.
D. rural area.
7) The shift of a population from
the countryside to cities is called
A. urbanization.
B. infrastructure.
C. land preservation.
D. an ecological footprint.
Describe this diagram. 8) What
does it show?
Section 2: Sprawl Goals
• Describe what
contributes to
sprawl and its
patterns.
• Explain the
impacts of
sprawl.
Los Angeles,
CA, is one the
most
sprawling U.S.
cities.
In 1950, 65% of the U.S. population
lived in urban (including suburban)
areas, while 35% lived rurally.
In 2010, 89% was urban and only 11%
rural.
What is sprawl?
• The spread of low-density
urban or suburban
development outward
from a dense urban core
• Often, growth of suburban
areas outpaces population
growth because suburbs
allow more space per
person than cities
Primary Contributors to Sprawl
1) Population Growth
2) Increase per capita
land use
3) Cheap gasoline
4) Decay of inner cities
5) Cheaper to build
new than rebuild
(less expensive land)
Primary Contributors to Sprawl
6) Improved road
system
7) Affordable cars
8) Government
subsidies of
mortgages,
infrastructure
projects
Contributors to Sprawl
Patterns of Sprawl
•Uncentered
commercial strip
development
•Low-density single-use
residential
development
•Scattered, or leapfrog,
development
•Sparse street network
Per Capita Land Consumption
Why care about sprawl?
Impacts of Sprawl
Transportation:
Little to no public
transportation
• Must use car to
get anything
• Air pollution
Impacts of Sprawl
Public health: May
promote inactivity,
and by extension
obesity and high
blood pressure
Impacts of Sprawl
Land Use: Less land
left as open space,
forests, and farms
• Habitat destruction
and fragmentation
• Farmland destroyed
• Road kill
• Soil erosion
Impacts of Sprawl
Economics:
Wealth tending to
concentrate in
suburbs, leaving
urban areas poor
• Decline of town
centers
Impacts of Sprawl
• Water Pollution
• Wetland
Destruction
• Increased
runoff
• Increased
flooding risk
Section 2 Review
• Describe what contributes to
sprawl and its patterns.
• Explain the impacts of sprawl.
Section 2 Quiz
1) Sprawl increases carbon dioxide
emissions by
A. generating more factories.
B. increasing the need to drive.
C. resulting in more tree growth.
D. expanding the use of public
transportation.
2) Per capita land consumption
means
A. the amount of land a country
uses as a whole.
B. the amount of and each person
uses.
C. the type of land covered by state
capitals.
D. the type of land people live on.
3) Which of the following factors
contributed to sprawl in the United
States?
A. more affordable automobiles
B. improved roads
C. less expensive land
D. all of the above
4) Explain how sprawl
affects human health.
Section 3: Sustainable Cities
Section 3 Goals
• Discuss land use planning
• Explain the importance of
transportation choices
• Differentiate green building from
traditional building
Land Use Planning
Land Use Planning:
determining in advance
how land will be used
• Where do we put
Houses, schools,
businesses, roads,
factories, etc.
• What land should be
left open?
Land Use Planning
• City planners attempt to design
cities that both work well and look
and feel appealing.
• Zoning: Classification of land areas
for different types of development
and
land use
– An area can be
mixed use or
single use.
– Involves
restrictions on
the use of
private land
Land Use Plan
Audubon Zoning
http://www.borou
ghofaudubon.com/
Zoning_.html
Infrastructure
Infrastructure: all the
things we build to support
living
• Buildings
• Roads
• Sewers
• Water treatment plants
• Powerplants
Environmental/ societal
costs?
Smart Growth
• Focuses on economic
and environmental
approaches to
avoiding sprawl
• Builds “up,” not “out”
• Maintains open spaces
by redeveloping
existing urban areas,
waterfronts, and
industrial sites
Smart Growth
• Seeks to design
neighborhoods that
minimize the need
to drive
• Requires good
public
transportation
systems
Transportation
Smart Growth: Transportation
Public transportation a key
factor in the quality of urban
life
Buses, subways, trains more
efficient, less polluting than
cars
Cities encourage mass
transit with fuel taxes,
vehicle taxes, rewarding
carpoolers, and encouraging
bicycle and bus use.
Explain what this graph shows
Busses
Advantages
• More flexible than
rail system
• Can be rerouted as
needed
• Cost less to develop
and maintain than
heavy-rail system
• Can greatly reduce
car use and pollution
Disadvantages
• Can lose money
because they need low
fares to attract riders
• Often get caught in
traffic unless operating
in express lanes
• Commit riders to
transportation
schedules
• Noisy
Advantages
Trains
• More energy efficient
than cars
• Produce less air
pollution than cars
• Require less land than
roads and parking
areas for cars
• Cause fewer injuries
and deaths than cars
• Reduce car congestion
in cities
Disadvantages
• Expensive to build and
maintain
• Cost effective only along
a densely populated
narrow corridor
• Commit riders to
Transportation schedules
• Can cause noise and
vibration for nearby
residents
Bicycles
Advantages
Affordable
Produce no
pollution
Quiet
Require little
parking space
Easy to
maneuver in
traffic
Take few
resources to
make
Very energy
efficient
Provide exercise
Disadvantages
Little protection
in an accident
Do not protect
riders from
bad weather
Not practical for
trips longer than
8 kilometers
(5 miles)
Can be tiring
(except for
electric
bicycles)
Lack of secure
bike
parking
Did You Know? Paris, France
removed 200,000 parking spaces to
encourage the use of public
transportation within the city.
Bike Parking Garage
Bike
lanes in NYC
Netherlands
Green Building
The goals of a
green building are
to save energy
and resources
without
sacrificing
people’s comfort.
Section 3 Review
• Discuss land use planning
• Explain the importance of
transportation choices
• Differentiate green building from
traditional building
Section 3 Quiz
1) Which of the following is a principle of
smart growth?
A. protecting wildlife habitats
B. focusing development outside of existing
urban centers
C. creating neighborhoods best suited for
cars
D. building up, not out
2) Which form of transportation uses
the most energy per passenger-mile?
A. commuter rail
B. automobile
C. bus
D. heavy rail
3) One of the results of green building
design is reduced
A. use of mass transit.
B. energy bills.
C. sprawl around major cities.
D. personal space and comfort.
4) Which statement about sustainable cities is
true?
A. They can help improve the standard of
living for residents.
B. No major cities have made significant
progress toward sustainability yet.
C. They are only successful in the
developed world.
D. They often help encourage sprawl.
5) Transportation systems,
communications systems, water
services, power supplies, and schools
are all examples of
A. infrastructure.
B. rural areas.
C. ecological footprints.
D. land use.
Short Answer
6) Propose a way how a city
government could encourage the
use of bicycles.
Short Answer
7) What are two ways governments
can encourage the use of mass
transit?
8) Summarize the main idea of
this graph in one sentence.
Chapter 10 Sustainable Cities
• What are different land usages?
• What are some local land usages?
• Describe the impact of human
activities on the land.