Transcript 幻灯片 1

05级版
英国文学史与选读
讲座课件
汤富华
电子合成：黄建晴 黄洁 黄雅丹 王佩贤
徐 慧
杨柳娜
张妙茹
2008年5月
通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，
让文学课升华至文化课，让我们的学
生成为自己的主人。
-----汤富华
Structure
Early and Medieval English Literature
Renaissance English Literature
The English Literature of The 17th Century
The English literature of The Enlightenment Age
The Age of Romanticism
The Victorian Age
The 20th-Century British poetry
Early and Medieval
English Literature
5 Century------1485
“Early” here means English literature in primitive and
slavery society.
“Medieval period” is a quite special period in
English history. In Chinese “Medieval” or “The Middle Age”.
The Angle-Saxons: English literature began with
the Anglo-Saxon settlement
Anglo-Saxon Language (old English)
Beowulf
The Norman: Feudalism, landlord & peasant began
with the Norman, language greatly changed and enriched.
Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round
Table
Beowulf is
considered as a
national epic of
the English
people.
The epic poem Beowulf describes the most
heroic man of the Anglo-Saxon times. It is a
Denmark story which used alliteration,
metaphors and understatements.
The hero, Beowulf, is a seemingly invincible
person with all the extraordinary traits
required of a hero. He is able to use his
super-human physical strength and courage to
put his people before himself.
He encounters hideous monsters and the most
ferocious of beasts but he never fears the
threat of death. His leadership skills are
superb and he is even able to boast about all
his achievements.
Geoffrey Chaucer is the founder
of English poetry, writer, also the
outstanding English poet before
William Shakespeare. Chaucer
made a crucial contribution to
English literature in writing in
English at a time when much court
poetry was still composed in AngloNorman or Latin. Although he
spent one of two brief periods of
disfavor, Chaucer lived the whole
of his life close the centers of
English power.
The Canterbury Tales is
one of the landmarks
of English literature, perhaps the greatest work
produced in Middle English and certainly among the
most ambitious. It is one of the few works of the
English Middle Ages that has had a continuous history
of publication. It was the last of Geoffrey Chaucer's
works, written after Troilus and Creseyde during the
final years of Chaucer's life. However, Chaucer only
completed twenty-four tales, not even completing one
tale for each pilgrim.
Renaissance English Literature
(15C-----17C)
The Renaissance sprang first in Italy in the 14
century and gradually spread all over Europe.
Two feature are striking of this movement.
The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical
literature. While people learned to admire the Greek
and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught
something in spirit very different from the medieval
Catholic dogma. So the love of classics was but an
expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic
and feudal ideas.
Another feature is the keen interest in the
activities of humanity. People ceased to look
upon themselves as living only for God and a
future world. Thinkers, artists and poets
arose, who gave expression, sometimes in an
old guise,thou8gh,to the new feeling of
admiration for human beauty and human
achievement, a feeling in sharp contrast with
theology. Hence arose the thought of
Humanism. Humanism is the key-note of the
Renaissance.
Renaissance
English Literature
In simple terms, the Renaissance in England was
caused by the spread of Renaissance learning and
ideology from Italy. The Renaissance embraced not only
literature, but also art and architecture. In literary terms,
the study of the classical poets led not only to their
translation into English but the adaptation of their verse
forms and systems of poetical metre, as well as the
embracing of their themes and genres.
人文主义思想（Humanism）的核心就是强调
以“人”为本，宣传个性解放、现世幸福，并积极
推进学术，传播科学知识和国家统一等新思想，对
封建制度、宗教禁欲主义和上层僧侣的腐败虚伪则
进行了无情的嘲讽与抨击。
在欧洲历史和哲学史中，人文主义主要被用来描述14到16世
纪间较中世纪比较先进的思想。一般来说今天历史学家将这段
时间里文化和社会上的变化称为文艺复兴，而将教育上的变化
运动称为人文主义。欧洲文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建的
社会思潮。资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。它肯定人性和人的
价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，
推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。
The Art of Renaissance
《最后的晚餐》
1495 - 1497年
（意大利）
达 · 芬奇画
米兰圣玛利亚·格拉契修道院藏
拉斐尔:(1483-1520)意大利文艺复兴时期
最伟大的画家之一，代表了文艺复兴时期艺
术家从事理想美的事业所能达到的最高峰。
·
雕一 米
刻位 开
家多 朗
、才 基
画多 罗
家艺
、的 博
建博 那
筑学 罗
家的 蒂
、艺
诗术
人大
于师
一。
身他
集是
(1475-1564)
Thomas More (1478-1535)
Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
William Shakespeare（1564-1616）
Ben Johnon (1572-1637)
Thomas More(1478-1535)
He was born in a middleclass family. his father was a
prominent lawyer, and later a
judge. A scholar by
nature ,he became a lawyer.
Quite early he was elected to
Parliament and he acted as the
spokesman of London merchants
who were on e of the principal
stays of the Tudor monarchy.
Thomas More's Utopia is one of the most influential
books in the Western philosophical and literary
tradition and one of the supreme achievements of
Renaissance humanism.
More humanism. More coined the word ‘utopia’ (from
the Greek: ‘no place’), and his complexly ironic
account of an imaginary communist society not only
has given rise to the genre of utopian fiction but
has been an inspiration to generations of political
reformers.
William Shakespeare
Any discussion of Shakespeare's
life is bound to be loaded with
superlatives. In the course of a
quarter century, Shakespeare
wrote some thirty-eight plays.
Taken individually, several of
them are among the world's
finest written works; taken
collectively, they establish
Shakespeare as the foremost
literary talent of his own
Elizabethan Age and, even more
impressively, as a genius whose
creative achievement has never
been surpassed in any age.
Contributions
1.A masterhand for every form of drama.
2.Skilled in many poetic forms, esp. sonnet
3.A great master of English language
4.The summit of the English Renaissance
The merchant of Venice
As You Like I
Twelfth Night
Midsummer Night’s Dream
Romeo and Juliet
Hamlet
Othello
King Lear
Macbeth
The Sonnets
A Lover's Complaint
The Rape of Lucrece
Venus and Adonis
Funeral Elegy by W.S.
莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的第一部，也是他的代表作。
丹麦王子哈姆莱特的故事早见于12世纪丹麦历史学家
Saxo Grammaticus写的《丹麦史》，后法、英两国剧作
家据此改编成剧本。一般认为莎士比亚的《哈姆莱特》
系根据同时代作家基德一部现已失传的《厄哈姆莱特》
（Ur~ Hamlet）改编而来的。改编后的剧本保留了原剧
本的主要框架，但却被赋予了原剧本所没有的感情深度
与艺术魅力。
The Tragedy of Hamlet,
Prince of Denmark
Hamlet is without question the most famous
play in the English language. Probably written in
1601 or 1602, the tragedy is a milestone in
Shakespeare's dramatic development; the
playwright achieved artistic maturity in this work
through his brilliant depiction of the hero's
struggle with two opposing forces: moral integrity
and the need to avenge his father's murder.
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,
To be, or not to be: that is the question:
When he himself might his quietus make
Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
With a bare bodkin? who would fardels
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
bear,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them. To die: to sleep;
To grunt and sweat under a weary life,
No more; and by a sleep to say we end
But that the dread of something after death,
The heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks The undiscover'd country from whose
That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation
bourn
Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;
No traveler returns, puzzles the will,
To sleep: perchance to dream: aye, there's the rub; And makes us rather bear those ills we have
For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, Than fly to others that we know not of?
When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,
Thus conscience does make cowards of us
Must give us pause: there's the respect
all,
That makes calamity of so long life;
And thus the native hue of resolution
For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,And enterprises of great pitch and moment
The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,
With this regard their currents turn awry
The insolence of office, and the spurns
And lose the name of action.
十四行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗
人萨利和魏阿特引入英国，风靡一时。莎士比亚的十四行诗
早在1960年前发表就以手抄本的形式流传民间，其主题思想
以歌颂爱情与友谊为主。这些诗共154首，分为三组。第一组
（1～126首）写给一位青年男子，诗人告诫他要早些结婚，
生儿育女; 第二组（127～152）描写一位姿色不佳的“黑肤
女郎”（dark lady），诗人对他的态度是毫不掩饰的情欲；
第三组（153～154）与前两组毫无关系，好像是同一首诗写
了两遍。在韵脚上，莎士比亚创作了自己的诗韵，即有名的
莎士比亚十四行诗韵：abab, cdcd, efef, gg。
A basic form of poetry consisting of 14 lines of
iambic pentameter, intricately rhymed
(abab,cdcd, efef, gg).
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
Sometime too hot the eye of the heaven shines
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as a man can breathe, or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Francis Bacon
Sir Francis Bacon (later Lord Verulam and the
Viscount St. Albans) was an English lawyer,
statesman, essayist, historian, intellectual reformer,
philosopher, and champion of modern science.
Early in his career he claimed “all knowledge as his
province” and afterwards dedicated himself to a
wholesale revaluation and re-structuring of
traditional learning.
Of Studies
Of beauty
Of friendship
Of envy
Of Study
(excerpt)
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for
delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for
ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. For expert men can
exe-cute, and perhaps judge of particulars, one by one; but the general
counsels, and the plots and marshalling of affairs, come best, from those
that are learned. To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too
much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is
the humor of a scholar. They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience:
for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proyning, by study; and
studies themselves, do give forth directions too much at large, except they
be bounded in by experience. Crafty men contemn studies, simple men
admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; but
that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by observation. Read
not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find
talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. Some books are to be tasted,
others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is,
some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously;
and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
荀子·劝学
君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水
为之，而寒于水。木直中绳，揉以为轮，其曲中规，虽有槁暴，
不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砾则利。君子博
学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。
吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也。吾尝跂而望矣，不
如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远。顺风而
呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆 马者，非利足也，而致千里。
假舟辑者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。
积土成山，风雨兴焉。积水成渊，蛟龙生焉。积善成德，
而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，
无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲
而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨
之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇
蟺之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。
The English Literature of
The 17th Century
The Metaphysical poets
About the beginning of the 17th century there
appeared in England a school of poets called
“Metaphysicals”. The works of the Metaphysical
poets are characterized,generally speaking, by
mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.
John Donne was the founder of the school.
John Milton
(1608—1674)
Milton is one of the very
few truly great English writers
who is also a prominent figure
in politics and who is both a
great poet and important prose
writer. Milton is the greatest
English poet after Shakespeare,
was the one great literary
figure who want tried seriously
to combine Renaissance and
Reformation.
The first period (1625 to 1639)---during which time he was to be seen chiefly as a son of the
humanity and Elizabethans.
Works: Comus 1634
Lycidas 1638
The second period---as the spokesman of the Revolution.
Works : Areopagitica
1644
Defense of the English People 1651
Second Defense of the English People
The third period---after the Restoration
Works : Paradise Lost
Paradise Regained
Samson Agonistes
1667
1671
1671
1654
Paradise Lost
Milton’s masterpiece. It consists of 12 books,
containing about ten thousand lines in blank verse
(unrhymed iambic pentameter).
Based on the Old Testament, it tells the story of
Satan’s revolt against God, the temptation of Adam
and Eve, and their expulsion from Paradise.