CHINA

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Post-Classical China(1000B.C.E-500c.e) 2

Politics

    Shang - decentralized Zhou(1029-258 B.C.E)   “Middle kingdom” (Yangtze to Huang)-ethnocentrism No central gov’t instead alliances with regional princes Qin(221-202 B.C.E)  Shi-huangdi~centralized gov’t, Great wall, Mandate of Heaven, strong unification & expansion south Han(202 B.C.E- 220 C.E.)   power=Mandate of Heaven, Civil service exams, Wu Ti- Golden age, kept Huns out, expansion

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Economy

    Large differences between high and low class Three main groups:   Landowning aristocracy & Bureaucrats Laboring peasants and artisans “mean people” unskilled labor jobs  Rice, silk, wheat and trade with India + spice islands Merchants had low standing

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Religion

• • • • Confucianism, Daoism, legalism, Buddhism Confucianism= mutual respect and eventually became the foundation of bureaucracy -HAN Dynasty somewhat ZHOU Daoism- balance with nature founded by Laozi Legalism- Qin dynasty & best gov’t = by force

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Culture

      Technological advances like calendar, astronomy and seismographs ART- pottery/calligraphy Social structure- aristocratic and merit Patriarchy High knowledge of science Mandarin language

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Interaction

   Silk road ~ India, Mesopotamia, Greece Little allances Spread of Buddhism due to trade with India   Huns Ethnocentrism~ all non-Chinese= Barbarians

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Comparison with the outside

China  Differences     Emphasis on Gov’t Confucianism Locked up and small market econ Similarities  Rigid social structure  No slaves

India

 Differences     Emphasis on religion Mainly Hinduism/Buddhism Huge market/trade econ Similarities  Rigid social structure  No slaves

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Post Classical time(600c.e.-1450)

POLITICS       After Han, China= three kingdoms: Northern Zhou, Chen, and The Northern Qi Wendi~ Sui -married daughter to zhou empire Yangdi~(son of Wendi) milder legal codes, Confucianism, civil service exam~luxury=decline TANG~ Li Yuan revived bureaucracy, civil service exams Hereditary aristocracy declined Tang & Song-Scholar-gentry increased

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Economic

      Grand Canal by Yangdi Tang promoted Chinese, Buddhist, and Islamic exchange Merchants traded Junks Flying money or credit vouchers Inventions like wheelbarrow helped plowing, planting, etc

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Religion

    Buddhism strong especially Chan or Zen  Wide-spread conversions and monasteries Empress Wu= attempt commission Buddhism as state religion Envy of Confucius/ Daoist  Mid-9 th Cent. Emperor Wuzong= persecution of Buddhism Confucianism flourished in Tang and Song

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Culture

   Neo-Confucianism-women=homemakers  Confinement of women, chastity for wives   Like India widows can’t remarry Foot-binding Song & Tang technology, art &literature  Gunpowder, chairs, calculator(abascus) & compass~ Song Scholar-gentry~ artistic and literary creativety

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Interactions

   Reopening of Silk road Increased interaction with India, Persia, and Central Asia  Imports: Horses, Persian rugs, tapestries  Exports: silk, textiles, porcelain, paper Merchants traded with other countries and transported it to China

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14 Continuites and Changes

Continuites  There were multiple continuities like Confucianism based civil service exams and Bureaucracy.

 Women also continued to have a subordinate role.

Change  Buddhism became popular during this time period whereas before it was unknown to China  The merchant class’ role became more important to that of Chinese economy.

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Early modern Times(1450 1750c.e)

Song dynasty fell to Mongol invasion leading to the Yuan dynasty in 1271 by Kublai Khan Kublai discontinued civil service exams but surrounded by Confucius, Buddhist, and Taoist scholars Wife Chabi = promotion of Buddhism

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Political

 Ming dynasty(1368-1644)  Founded: Zhu Yuan Zhang revolted against Yuan     He eradicated all Mongol evidence like dress(skirts and leather), names Bureaucracy and Confucianism revived Emperor Hongwu=power for himself eradicated ministery  Anyone corrupt= public beating Decline of Ming due to political inbalance

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Economy

  Zhenghe(1405-1423)~ third Ming emperor  7 huge expeditions throughout world: Persia, Arabia, East indies, and East/south of Africa   Huge fleets(six times larger than European) Isolation after due to Ethnocentrism, too much money in that it can be used to fix internal problems Trade allowed in Macao and Canton   Trade=high Europeans loved silk and spices Also architecture became huge

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Religion

   Buddhism rose due to the rise in completion  Morality books with lots of merits points for good deeds  Hand in hand with Confucianism Daoism  Supported by emperor Christianity by Italian Jesuits 1583 Michael Ruggerius & Matteo ricci w/ knowledge of math and Science

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Culture

     Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang promoted art work Bureaucracy= lots of Scholar-gentry w/ free time pursued art careers Time of peace meant more display opportunities Confucianism impacted culture~ sayings, art,etc Buddhism and Taoism had little impact for not as popular as Confucianism

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Interaction

     Zenghe’s Expedition With huge fleets Isolationism Europeans with Christianity flowing into China Ethnocentrism made Chinese despise foreign rule Hatred towards Christian converts

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21 Continuites and Changes

 Continuites  Confucianism continued to be major belief in China and continued to be the base for civil service examinations.

 Changes  China went from subtly open country to completely isolated country due to the idea of Ethnocentrism.

Modern Period(1750-1914) 22

Politics

   Qing Dynasty (or Manchu Dynasty)  Last dynasty of China  People unhappy since foreign rule  Qing= Chinese ideas The Scholar-gentry still in power but Manchus were the main power Mandate of Heaven

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Politics continued

   Qing fall  Corrupted Exam system and bribery started it all   Wealthy were put into power again Confucius value waned  Poor were neglected so lots of robbery Qing= last dynasty because deprived of needed change, “barbarians”, and crops brought population growth Lin Zexu enforced laws on opium

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Economy

    Opium  Chinese got hooked & officials had no money for infrastructure  Lin Zexu enforces laws against opium so British angry Opium war won by british & Chinese ports forced open Taiping Rebellion= Christian prophet Hong Xiuquan Social order, rights to Women, question Confucianism Boxer rebellion = Cixi oust Europe, Japan and America Failed

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Religion

  Confucianism is still there but weakening due to corruption Christianity brought into China  Chinese despised foreign influence   Converts looked down upon Barely excepted after two Italian Christians brought it over

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Culture

   Women treated horribly  Infanticide  Males marry lower class women to keep woman under control Mandate of heaven Art and architecture

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Interactions

  Lots of Foreign interaction  Europeans  This made them realize they are not at the top  Technology level low so conquering was easy New religions brought over to China

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29 Continuites and Changes

Continuites  Although there was foreign rule in China, Confucianism still continued to be the main belief that everyone followed.

Change  China was forced out of the isolation that had once been in action and had to trade with Europeans without their consent.

Opium war 30

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I ndustrial age(20

th

cent present)

Present-day Hong kong pictured on the right.

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Politics

      Beginning= End of Puyi the last of the Qing China in Chaos Students and Teachers factor in China Japan= constant threat~ Revolutionary alliance but failed Japan took German land May 4 th = Liberal Democracy movement but students = radical communist    1921 communist party born MAO ZEDONG communist leader considered a hero and ideas of moving forward and cultural revolution DENG XIAOPING promoted economic reform and opened China to the world

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Mao Zedong 33

Economic

    Technological developments only some Plants used in factories Productivity growth by 1949  Match by the growing population of China Foreign trade involvement rose

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Religion

      Confucianism is the most popular still throughout China Buddhism and Islam in China of the Hui and Uyghur Freedom of religion Buddhism widely influential throughout China Taoist about 300 Taoist temples spread across China Others are Ancestor soul existence and the Chinese astrology is popular

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Religion

 Buddhism  Taoist

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Culture

    Chinese new year a huge parade Clothing and ornaments like Dragon robe  Folk art Chinese zodiac New year market selling fireworks, clothing and usually decorated with lots of lanterns

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Culture

Chinese new year Chinese Zodiac

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Interactions

     Foreign trade Ministry of Foreign affairs like other nations U.S. used Mainland China as counter to the Soviet Union China and U.S. are rivals in many areas today including economy U.S. – China trade largest in the world

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40 Continuities and Changes

Continuites  Even through the modern times, Confucianism stays strong as the major belief of most Chinese population today.

Changes  The gov’t went from a single ruler with Mandate of Heaven to slowly developing Communist gov’t.