Transcript LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT

Slide 1
A Topical Approach to
LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
2
Biological Beginnings
John W. Santrock
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
The Evolutionary Perspective
The Evolutionary Perspective
• Natural selection and adaptive behavior
– Darwin and his observations
– All organisms must adapt in life
• Evolutionary psychology
– Emphasizes adaptation, reproduction, and
survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
– Evolution explains human physical features
and behaviors
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
The Evolutionary Perspective
Evolutionary Developmental
Psychology
• Explaining humans and their behavior
– Larger brains and more complex societies
– Takes longest of all mammals to mature
– Some evolved mechanisms of adaptation
not compatible with modern society
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 4
The Evolutionary Perspective
Evolution and Life-Span Development
• Benefits of evolutionary selection decrease
with age
• Natural selection failures: harmful conditions
and non-adaptive characteristics
• As adults weaken biologically, culture-based
needs increase
• Alternative: ‘bi-directional view’
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 5
The Evolutionary Perspective
Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology
• Remains just one theoretical approach
• Evolution does not dictate behavior
• Biology allows broad range of cultural
possibilities
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 6
Genetic Foundations
Genetic Foundations of Development
• DNA and the collaborative gene
– DNA — deoxyribonucleic acid
– Chromosomes — thread-like structures
– Genes — units of hereditary information
• Human Genome Project
– 30,000 genes in humans
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 7
Genetic Foundations
Cells, Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA
Nucleus (center of
cell) contains
chromosomes
and genes
Fig. 2.3
Chromosomes are
threadlike structures
composed of DNA
molecules
Gene: a segment of DNA
(spiraled double chain)
containing the hereditary
code
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 8
Genetic Foundations
The Collaborative Gene
• Genes and chromosomes
– Mitosis — cell nucleus duplicates
– Meiosis — cell division forms gametes
– Fertilization — egg and sperm form zygote
– Genetic variability in the population
– X and Y chromosomes determine sex
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 9
Genetic Foundations
The Collaborative Gene
• Genes and chromosomes
– Identical and fraternal twins
– Mutated gene
– Genotype — all of one’s genetic makeup
– Phenotype — observable characteristics
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 10
Genetic Foundations
Genetic Principles
• Dominant and recessive genes
• Sex-linked genes
– X-linked inheritance for males and females
• Genetic imprinting
– Imprinted gene dominates
• Poly-genetically determined characteristics
– Many genes interact to influence a trait
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 11
Genetic Foundations
How brownhaired parents
can have a
blond-haired
child: the gene
for blond hair is
recessive
B Brown
hair
Blond
b hair
Father
Bb
B B
Mother
Bb
B b
B b
b b
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 12
Genetic Foundations
Sex-Linked
Chromosome Abnormalities
Klinefelter
Syndrome
Males have an extra X chromosome
Fragile X
syndrome
Abnormality in the X chromosome
Turner
syndrome
Females missing an X chromosome
XYY
syndrome
Males have an extra Y chromosome
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Slide 13
Nature-Nurture Debate
• Behavior Genetics
– Studies influence of heredity and
environment on individual differences
• Studies use twins or adoptees
– Monozygotic and dizygotic twins
– Adoption study: examine behavior and
psychological characteristics
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Slide 14
Heredity-Environment Correlations
• In infancy, environment mostly controlled
by parents
• As children age, their experiences extend
more beyond the family’s influence
• Shared environments are analyzed
– Commonalities between children attributed to
heredity-environment interaction
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Slide 15
Heredity-Environment Correlations
• In infancy, environment mostly controlled
by parents
• As children age, their experiences extend
more beyond the family’s influence
• Shared environments are analyzed
– Commonalities between children attributed to
heredity-environment interaction
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Heredity, Environment, and Individual Differences
Slide 16
The Heredity-Environment and
Epigenetic Views
Fig. 2.9
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 17
Prenatal Development
The Course of Prenatal Development
• Germinal period: 2 weeks after conception
• Embryonic period: 2 to 8 weeks after
conception
– Three layers: endodem, mesoderm, ectoderm
– Umbilical cord connect to placenta
– Organogenesis
• Fetal period
– From 2 months after conception to birth
– Trimesters of pregnancy
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 18
Figure 4.1 Life is sexually transmitted
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.
Allbyrights
reserved.
Copyright
© 2007
Worth Publishers
Slide 19
Figure 4.2 Prenatal development
Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies,Copyright
Inc. All
rights
reserved.
© 2007
by Worth
Publishers
Slide 20
Prenatal Development
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
• Ultrasound sonography
• Chorionic villi sampling: small sample
of placenta taken
• Amniocentesis: samples amniotic fluid
• Maternal blood test
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 21
Prenatal Development
The Brain
• Neurons – 100 billion
• Birth defects and neural tube
• Neuronal migration occurs
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 22
Prenatal Development
Hazards to Prenatal Development
• Teratogen: agent causing birth defects
• Severity of damage affected by
– Dose
– Genetic susceptibility
– Time of exposure
• Effects of prescription and
nonprescription drugs
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 23
Prenatal Development
Teratogens and Timing of Their Effects on
Prenatal Development
Fig. 2.10
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 24
Prenatal Development
Hazards to Prenatal Development
• Psychoactive drugs
–
–
–
–
–
–
Caffeine
Alcohol and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Nicotine’s link to SIDS, ADHD, low birth weight
Effect of father’s smoking
Cocaine, marijuana, and heroin
Methamphetamine
• Environmental hazards and pollutants
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 25
Teratogen: is a substance that can cross the
placental barrier and harm the child. Alcohol and
tobacco are perhaps the most common and
damaging. Mercury, landfills, lead paint
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS): combo of
retarded growth, face and body malformations,
disorders of the nervous system. ADHD
symptoms, attention, distractibility, learning
difficulties, memory and mood impairment.
Nicotine: low birth weight, miscarriage,
retardation, still birth, small head syndrome,
medical problems.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 26
Marijuana: birth defects, low birth weight,
ADHD, learning problems, visual and
perceptual skills deficit, impulsivityimpacts frontal lobe.
Cocaine: spontaneous abortion, delayed
growth, premature labor. Low birth
weight, birth defects, neurological
deficits; acute withdrawal following birth;
overall, significant neurological deficits.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 27
Physical Development—
Hazards to Prenatal
Development
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 28
HIV/AIDS: likely to spread it to fetus.
Maternal Illnesses: colds, STDs, general
medical problems.
Maternal Stress: wide psychological
disorders, deformities. Negative
emotional/behavioral
Over 35: for the mother-diabetes, high
BP, severe bleeding. Child- premature
birth, birth defects, retarded growth.
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 29
Prenatal Development
Hazards to Prenatal Development
• Incompatible blood types of parents
– Rh-positive and Rh-negative
– Maternal diseases like German measles,
syphilis, HIV and AIDS
• Other prenatal factors
–
–
–
–
–
Nutrition, prenatal education and care
Maternal age and risks
Maternal emotional states and stress
Paternal factors
Environmental factors
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 30
Birth
Prenatal Care
• Prenatal programs
– Education
– Medical care
– Social and nutritional services
– Low birth weight and infant mortality rates
– View of pregancy vary among cultures and
ethnic groups
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 31
Birth
The Birth Process
• Stages of birth: occurs in three stages
– Uterine contractions
– Baby’s head moves through birth canal
– Afterbirth when placenta, umbilical cord, and
other membranes are detached and expelled
• Baby must withstand stress of birth
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Birth
Slide 32
The Apgar Scale
Fig. 2.11
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 33
Birth
Bonding
• Needs to occur shortly after birth
• Early emotional attachments may create
healthy interactions after leaving hospital
• Rooming-in arrangements offered
• Massages and tactile stimulation for
premature infants affect development
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Recommended now: Comfort your baby:
• comfort baby when they cry
• feed them when they are hungry
• play with them when they are awake
• “spoil” them as much as you can!
(studies show that baby must learn that
they have an effect on their
environment, and therefore control over
their own experience. Important for
cognitive and social development
• babies need to know that they can make
things happen
• being responsive to baby
Slide 34
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 35
2
The End
© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.