Transcript Diapositiva 1

ELECTRONICS AND ENERGY ACCUMULATION LABORATORY
Hydrogen and Renewable Energies
Background
Hydrogen:
Is the most plentiful element in the universe
Is colourless, odourless, insipid, non-toxic and highly inflammable
Has the highest energy/weight ratio
Is not a source of energy but a form of storage. It is an energetic
vector
 Its combustion only produces H2O. It is a non-pollutant fuel
 Does not exist in free form. It needs to be produced:
 Fossil fuels
 Biomass
 Electrolysis
 Photoelectrochemistry
 …..
 If it is produced from renewable energies the cycle has zeroemissions
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Sources and Uses of Hydrogen
solar solar PV hydro
therwind
biomal
...
mass
natural
gas
coal
H2
Commercial
Residential
nuclear
electric
nuclear heat
Tertiary
Fuel Cell Technology
Fuels and applications
…
Background
Hydrogen can be stored in:
Gas state. The low density of H2 means that less energy per
unit of volume is stored
 Advantage  LOW COST AND GREAT DEVELOPMENT AND
RELIABILITY
 Disadvantage  LARGE VOLUMES AND HIGH PRESSURES
Liquid state. Its low boiling point (20K) means cryogenic
recipients are required
 Advantage  HIGH DENSITY AND LESS WEIGHT
 Disadvantage  SAFETY PROBLEMS, HIGH CONSUMPTION
OF ENERGY AND HIGH COST
Solid state (HYDRIDES). H2 reacts with different metals or
intermetallic compounds forming HYDRIDES
 Advantage  MORE STORAGE PER UNIT OF VOLUME,
REVERSIBLE REACTION, LOW PRESSURE AND SAFETY
 Disadvantage  RELATIVELY HIGH WEIGHT
Background
The applications can be:
Stationary.
 Housing
Transport.
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Cars
Submarines
Boats
Aeroplanes...
Portable items.
Source: CENER
 PCs
 Mobile phones, etc.
Isolated system.
Source: MTI Company
Energy accumulation: Integration of the RES in the network.
Activities in Europe
Studies have been carried out that analyse the feasibility of the
integration of renewable energies with hydrogen
Several demonstration projects have been set up that enable the
results of the preliminary studies to be put into practice
Numerous patents have been applied for and accepted
The European Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technology Platform has been
created
H2 filling station for CUTE and Citycell buses
( Madrid, April 28th, 2003 )
H2 filling station for
CUTE buses
(Barcelona, April 9th,
2003)
Hydrogen development strategie .
Road Map.
Cener’s position
Cener’s activity is focused on the application of hydrogen as
an energy accumulation system, with the objective of
increasing and improving the penetration of renewable
energies in the electrical system.
It considers electrolysis from renewable energies (in particular
from wind energy) as a production system. Hydrogen
produced in this way is what is known as green hydrogen.
The use of hydrogen can:
1.
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3.
4.
Increase the penetration of renewable energies into the electricity
network.
Make the renewable energies similar to conventional sources, which will
enable a better management of them by the operator of the electrical
system.
Reduce the dependence on imported fossil fuels and increase the energy
and environmental sustainability of the region.
Provide innovation for energy storage systems.
Studies
CENER – Government of Navarre, (SPAIN)
 Objective: To develop an integrated technological solution
in which the hydrogen vector will act as a means for
accumulating energy from wind energy in such a way that
its re-conversion into electrical energy as required
facilitates its integration into the electrical system.
 The purpose behind this work consists of advancing and
developing an industrial-scale technical solution, which is
economically interesting, which could be commercialised
within 5 to 10 years.
Cener’s position
Cener has two laboratories for research and experimentation
in this field:
 Electrochemical Laboratory.
 Laboratory for Integrating
Hydrogen and Renewable
Energies.
Hydrogen Storage
Efficiency of Hydrogen production
75 %
Efficiency of compression
96 %
Efficiency of recover energy systems
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Turbines
30-32 %
Combustion
44 %
Fuel Cells
55 %
Hybrid Systems
75- 85 %
• High temperature+ gas turbine
Suppliers of Hybrids systems
 Siemens, Westinghouse, Fuel Cells Energy+MTU
 Current power limit
200 KW
Hydrogen costs
Wind Farm scale
50 MW
Total Investment approx.
2,5- 3,0 M€/ MW
 Fuel cells
 Hybrid systems
4.000 €/KW
10.000 €/kw
Operational life time
15-20 years
TIR of investment
positive>15 years
Peripheral maritime regions
In most cases, peripheral maritime regions have some particularities derived
from their situation and/or commercial activities:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Weak networks or even disconnection of networks (islands and
remote communities)
High renewable resources in the sea (offshore wind farms) that
require more costly transport networks
High seasonal energy consumption (Mediterranean coast)
Management of demand in ports
Hydrogen, as a means of energy storage, can minimise or solve
these problems in the next future
Demonstration projects
Utsira Project (IEA)
Norwegian and German companies (Enercon),
Norwegian government
Objectives:
 To demonstrate an autonomous energy
system
 To integrate developed, novelty
hydrogen technologies with renewable
energies
Demonstration projects
Hydrogen Generation from Stand-Alone WindPowered Electrolysis Systems (IEA, Task 11)
Energy Research Unit, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK), Casaccia
Research Centre (Italy), Institute for Technical Thermodynamics
(Germany), Department of Engineering, University of Leicester (UK)
Objectives:
 To improve the control of the aerogenerator to improve
the quality of the energy
 To examine the tolerance of an electrolyser in a
fluctuating supply
 To design and construct a small-scale isolated system of
hydrogen (< 10 kW)
 To assess the economic costs
Demonstration projects
Cluster Pilot Project for the Integration of RES into
European Energy Sectors using Hydrogen (RES2H2) (IEA)
Spain, Germany, Portugal, Switzerland, Greece and Cyprus
Objectives:
 Clean production of hydrogen using wind energy
 To solve the problem of storing excess energy
 To obtain water from the renewable-H2 system
Other demonstration projects
PROIDRI (CNR ITAE-UNICT DIEES, Italy).
 Objective: Development of integrated systems of renewables
with hydrogen
 Development of a prototype of the system
 To improve the characteristics of the electrolysers
 Study of the losses associated with converters and adaptors
HIDROTEC (Corporación Tecnalia).
 Objective: Introduction of a demonstration plant with multiple
applications to assess the various options of sustainable energy
solutions based on hydrogen
 Scenes selected for simulation:
 Hydrogen filling station for transport
 Hydrogen storage to increase the availability of high power
wind farms
 Autonomous isolated systems
Demonstration projects
Hydrogen and Renewables Integration Project (HaRI)
CREST (Centre for Renewable
Loughborough University
Energy
Systems
Technology)
at
generated
by
Objectives:
 To investigate energy
renewable sources
storage
methods
Hydrogen Demo Project in UK: PURE-Promoting Unst
Renewable Energy
Shetland Council
Objectives:
 To demonstrate the feasibility of systems based on
renewables and hydrogen
 Sustainable use of energy resources that are found in the
isolated communities
Other demonstration projects
AEROPILA, BESEL
 Objective: Installation of an isolated system based on renewable
energies and hydrogen for stationary and transport applications
 Pilot plant (operating since 2004).
Studies
RenewIslands
 Objective: To increase the penetration into the market of new
energy systems combining fuel cell technology, renewable
energies and hydrogen in islands and remote regions in Europe
and third-world countries.
Tesis NTNU, Norway (C.J. Greiner)
 Objective: Analysis of the production of hydrogen from wind
energy from an economic and environmental point of view.
Renewable-H2
 Objective: To assess the European activities in H2 and
renewables and the bodies involved, to set up interaction with
national programmes and H2 networks, to identify opportunities
for integrating renewables in the “hydrogen economy” and to
assess the possibility of setting up an Excellence Centre.
Studies
Altman M., Richert, F., Hydrogen production at offshore
wind farms. Offshore Wind Energy Special Topic
Conference, Belgium, Dec 2001.
 Making the most of maritime wind resources (North Sea).
Offshore platforms for producing hydrogen through the
electrolysis of desalinated water.
 Eliminate the electrical connections to land.
 H2 has diverse applications (H2 common industry, fuel, energy
vector).
Conclusions
Conclusions
 Hydrogen is beginning to look like one of the large-scale energy
accumulation systems. It will enable us to increase the
penetration of renewable energies into the energy market, the
quality of the energy and the stabilisation of the network.
 If the production of hydrogen is though electrolysis based on
renewables, the cycle has zero emissions.
 It can serve as a support in the case of regions with a high
energy dependence or with weak networks.
 In Europe, demonstration projects are being developed with the
aim of showing the feasibility of the H2-RES system.
Avda. Ciudad de la Innovación, 7
31621, Sarriguren (Navarra-SPAIN)
Tel. +34 948 25 28 00
Fax. +34 948 27 07 74
E-mail. [email protected]
www.cener.com