Transcript 14 NORTH SOUTH - Midlands State University

14 NORTH SOUTH
• NORTH – SOUTH CO-OPERATION
• a)
partnership between developed and
developing countries
• 1. bilateral relations (zim vs uk) (ngos and dfid)
• 2.
multilateral (EU-ACP, Commonwealth, )
• b)
reasons for parnership
• 1. resource endowed north and resource poor
south( financial, human, technological)
14.1
• THE COMMONWEALTH
• A) a voluntary association of fifty states, all
which were once parts of british empire. It is an
unrestricted grouping of states no formal
commitments though it has secretariat.B) Not
all are former british colonies (mozambique, and
angola are part). C) The british monarch is
nominally the head of commonwealth although
some members for example India are republics
and no longer accept the mornachical principle.
14.2
• A) Origins:
1. traced back to 1867 when canada was given a
Dominion status followed by Australia in 19000
and New Zealand in 1907.2.British imperial
authority was revealed at the imperial conference
of 1926 when the UK and the British Empire was
replaced in official usage by the British
commonwealth. 3.In 1931 the West Minister
reinforced the principle of autonomy and the
notion of the British commonwealth of Nations.
14.3
1. By 1948 the terms Britiish and Dominion were
dropped and mordern commonwealth with its
emphasis on voluntarism and equality of
membership emeged.
• E. In 1949 The Irish Republic withdrew in 1961,
in 1987 after internal coup, the membership of
Fiji was withdrawn, Zimbabwe withdrew in
2003 after it had been suspended from the body
after the 2000 parliamentary elections.
14.4
• The Commonwealth member states are found in
allmost every continent, Africa , Asia, Carribean,
and the Americas, Europe and the Pacific.
• G. Composition
• 1. there are no formal law making body for the
commonwealth, membership require unanimous
agreement of all partipating states with meetings
being held every two years and decisions are taken
by consensus.
14.5
• . Consensus is difficult to achieve given the
diversity in ethnenic, cultural, political social or
economic bounds.
• K. A division has since developed especially along
North South.
• 1.
neo-colonialism
• 2.
globalisation- MNCs, trade liberalisation, etc
• 3. exploitation of noth by the south
• 4.
clash of civilisation- paul huntington
14.6
• I.
AREAS OF SUCCESS
• 1.1971 The Singapore meeting issued a
declaration of commonwealth which focused on
the need to remove racial predudice and remove
the wide disparities of wealth that exist both
within and outside the association
• 1.
1977 members agreed to restrict sporting
activities with regimes that practised Aphathied
14.7
• 1.
1985 members appointed a commonwealth
Group of Eminent Persons whose tasks was to
promote a political dialogue with South Africa
aimed at replacing aphathied by popullar
government
• 2.
it played an important role in overseeing the
transition of South africa to majority ruled south
africa.
14.8
• M. Critique
• With the end of high political issue like
Aphatied the relevence of commonwealth
has been questioned and critics have
labelled CHOGAM (Common wealth
heads of government meeting) CHEAP
HOLIDAY ON GOVERNMENT MONEY.
14.9
• other areas of concern
1. The are still areas upon which the commonwealth
can work on Commonwealth Foundation in
London links with NGOs.
2. 1965 the secretariat has instigated a wide variety
of coo-operative committes dealing with
education, agriculture and health
14,10
1. Several commonwealth ornisation based
in the UK are active in several fields.
2. With greater concern shifting to
governance, human rights the common
wealth still have the role to play in
ensuring democratisation principles are
observed by members states
14.11
• Above all the commonwealth remains an
important channel through which
consultation and co-operation between
widely different states with little in common
exceept perheps a desire to remain together.
14.12
• ACP-EU PARTNERSHIP
• A) made up of 66 African Carribean and pacific
contries and the EU.
• B) Objectives: UNDERLINED IN THE lome
Convention
1. to accelerate the rate of economic growth through
better trade and commercial relations with the
EEC/EU
2. increasing and diversifying the exports of ACP
states
14.13
1. accelarating the pace of agricultural and
industrial production.
2. Promotion of effective regional and
interegional co-peration amongest ACP
group.
• C. The founding George town Agreement
which created the ACP cleary stated of
the need to support regional cooperation.
14.14
D. The ACP Ministirial Council session in Suva in
1977 and Harare in 1985 reinforced the idea of
self reliance.
E. With new procedures introduced under the
Lome 111 convention one or more ACP states
could submit projects to be finannced under
regional funds.F. EEC was thus able to provide
funds for a number of other intergrated regional
transport projects which aimed at improving
road linkages within eastern and central african
regions.
14.15
D. Projects:
1. Northern corridor projects, linking Kenya,
Uganda and Rwanda
2. the central corridor linking Kenya, uganda, and
rwanda and zaire
3. the Inter-State Committee against Drought in the
Sahel (CILSS) AND Inter governmental on
Drought and Development (IGADD) were able
to obtain regional funds from EEC to finance
projects to combat drought and desertification.
14.17
• Trade:
• 1. regional fundss provided valuable
financial assisstatnce in the organisation of
ACP regional Trade Affairs.
• 2. set up ACP chamber of commerrce which
helped to organise regional meetings for
trade operators from various ACP, including
those from Africa.
14.18
D.
Although, the Lome Convention gives ACP nations
the right to sell most of their manufactured goods
and processes agricultural food stuffs in the EU. For
example the Voluntary Export Restraint cast severe
doubt on the spirit of convention. E.g Woollen
Garments from mauritius begun to capture sizebble
european market in the early 1980s it was asked to
voluntarily restrict its export to the EU. EU
COUNTRIES ARE willing to import ACP
manufactuered goods if quantities are sso small that
no one is going to notice them very much.
14.18
D. Under the lome convention, ruless of origin
have also been used to keep out some ACP
products and these are a further barrier to 3rd
world manufactured goods. These rules state
that all the raw materials used to make a
manufactuered products must originate in the
developing countries. EG a boat maker in an
ACP country can sell boats to the EU without
ACP country can sell boats to the EU without
barriers but if a single nut and bolt on the boat is
made in Japan, then the boat is barred
14.19
D. Quotas will be imposed on bananas from Latin
America. Should Latin America countries wish
to exceed these quotas they will be obliged to
pay higher tarriffs.Essential Drugs are in short
supply in developing countries. 1.
the EU
supply exports worth 3.6 billion worth of drugs
to developing countries. 2.
Some of these
have been banned or withdrawn in some one of
the developed countries/ EU because they are
considered to be unsafe.
14.20
• Compared to 1983 the economic situation
has improved for the developing countries,
while it has further deteriorated for the
developing countries.
14.21
• Looking Ahead to a world increasing dominated
by trade in manufactured and services, the ACP
states will find themselves still heavily dependent
on exporting raw materials. They will be unable to
keep pace with non ACP Developing countries
such as those in the far east whose process of
technological transformation is expected to
accelerate even further.
10.23 ORGANISATION FOR
ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND
DEVELOPMET
• AN ORGANISATION OF 30 MEMBER
COUNTRIES COMMITES TO
DEMOCRACY AND MARKET
ECONOMY
• PROVIDES COMPARATIVE DATA,
ANALYSIS AND FORECASTS
10.24
• Working for governments so that they cancompare policy experiences
• Seek answers to common problems
• Identify good practices
• Coordinate policies
10.5
• Achievements:In 1999, the OECD adopted the OECD
Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of
Electronic Commerce (1999) to help ensure that consumers
are as protected when shopping on line as when buying
from local stores or ordering from a catalogue. The
Guidelines set out the characteristics of effective protection
for online business-to-consumer transactions. The 2003
report, Consumers in the Online Marketplace: The OECD
Guidelines Three Years Later, highlighted a gradual
evolution in the online B2C marketplace and catalogued
the extensive implementation activities that have been
undertaken in OECD countries.
10.26
• In 2003, the OECD adopted the Guidelines for Protecting
Consumers from Fraudulent and Deceptive Commercial
Practices Across Borders to help governments work
together more effectively to stop and prevent cross-border
fraud to the detriment of consumers. The Guidelines set
forth broad principles for closer international co-operation
and specific provisions covering notification, information
sharing, and assistance with investigations. They also
cover issues regarding the authority of consumer
protection enforcement agencies, invite private-sector cooperation, encourage consumer education, and set the stage
for future work on the issue of consumer redress.