Transcript Slide 1

Wind Power
Kaitlyn Brown, Staci Capozzi, Kayla Oster, &
Nicholas Sposato
History I:
•
One of the first natural
energy sources used in
history
•
2000-1700 BC
windmills were used in
Babylon and China to
pump water and grind
grain
•
Introduced to Europe
in the 12th century and
quickly became
popular. Holland had
approximately 8,000
windmills and England
had around 10,000 by
1750
•In decline in the 18th
century because the
Watt’s steam engine
was introduced
•Further declines
resulted during the
20th century as the
availability of fossil
fuels and hydropower
increased
•The modern wind era
in the U.S. began after
the energy crisis of
1973 with the
installation of wind
farms in California in
the early 1980’s
History II:
• Wind technology and industry matured after overcoming some initial
problems.
• In the 1980’s commercial efforts in the area of wind energy increased and
was mainly brought about by:
– energy tax credits
– new technologies in wind energy systems
– and the passages of the Public Utilities Regulatory Act (PURPA)
• During the late 1980’s through the early 1990’s wind power was in decline
because of:
– decreased prices in oil
– increase in natural gas-fired generating plants
– the expiration of tax credits
• During the 1990’s wind energy had a 25% per year growth rate in the U.S.
and a 37% per year in Europe. As of today, wind energy is the fastest
growing energy resource in the world.
Wind Calculations :
• Theoretical power from the wind is given by the expression
PT = ½ pAv3
where ‘p’ is the density of air, ‘A’ is the area swept out by blade, and ‘v’ is the
velocity of wind
• The maximum available power from is given by Betz Theorem where,
Pmax = Efficiencymax PT = (0.59) PT
and the actual power from wind is,
Pactual = Efficiencyactual x Pmax
and
Pactual = Efficiencyactual x 0.59 x ½ pAv3
Behind Wind Technology:
• Energy production from wind turbines cannot be accomplished
unless there is wind delivered to the turbine at a certain speed.
• Wind results from the unequal heating of the earth by the sun.
The power in the wind depends on the area considered and on
the cube of the wind velocity (remember: PT = ½ pAv3).
• Doubling the velocity yields 8 times more power and energy
(23= 8). Wind speeds typically increase with height as well.
• To maximize power and energy outputs, careful attention must
be given to placement and tower height.
Wind Technology:
• Wind technology is relatively
straightforward in that there
are blades, gearing, a generator,
a tower, and controls. Wind
pressure turns a rotor made of
blades, and this rotor is
attached to a shaft which is
connected through various
gears to an electrical generator.
• Wind turbines are classified by
the orientation of the rotor
shaft; there are horizontal axis
and vertical axis machines.
Wind Technology (cont.)
• For residential systems, the DC output of the
generator can be stored in batteries or used to run
devices that use resistive heating like toasters.
• The synchronous inverter revolutionized the wind
energy industry, and converts DC power from the
wind generator into AC. It then feeds it into the
utility grid or to a local load at the correct
frequency which is then sold to the utility at a rate
determined by each state or market.
Advantages
• Renewable and free to access (unlike coal, natural gas, or oil)
• Turbines create zero emissions, so no:
-regional haze
-acidic precipitation
-mercury contamination
-Smog
• No use of water
-irrigation and thermal electric generation consume 77% of the world’s fresh
water supply
• Incentives
-farmers in the Midwest US can receive $3,000 to $10,000 per turbine for a
land lease (turbines are placed on their land and farmers or grazers can still
use the land to graze cattle or plant crops)
• Relatively low start- up and maintenance costs
Disadvantages/ Dangers
• Location is a factor because wind is intermittent
– some areas have high, strong winds
– some areas have little or no wind
– need to find a happy medium- not so strong that they blow over and not so
weak that they do not turn the blades
• Aesthetic appeal (or lack thereof)
– people of Nantucket Sound in Cape May have been fighting against the
installation of an offshore wind farm due to the “visual pollution”
http://www.capewind.org/modules.php?op=modload&name=Sections
&file=index&req=viewarticle&artid=9&page=1
• Danger to bats and migratory birds (?)
– negligible when compared to those killed by flying into other man-made
objects such as buildings, power lines, and planes
Dangers to Humans
• Noise
• Strobing
-light flashes caused by the turbines passing in front of the sun’s
rays
• Ice pieces may be flung off the turbine blades
-majority of turbines have and automatic shut off when a certain
amount if ice has been formed
• Blade disconnection
-Germany
Costs
• The Jersey-Atlantic Wind Farm located in Atlantic City, New Jersey
has five turbines that power the Atlantic County Utilities Authority
(ACUA) wastewater treatment plant, 2,500 homes, and still has
leftover energy that is sent to the grid
- COST = $12 million
• Florida Power & Light informed the Florida Public Service
Commission in December 2007 building two new nuclear units at
Turkey Point in South Florida was
- COST = $ 8,000 per installed kW….. $24 billion
• Wind vs. natural gas and coal (production costs per megawatt hour)
- Natural gas- $65
- Coal- $55
- Wind- $45
*
Wind power is much more economically viable with the lowest start up
and maintenance costs when compared to then any other energy
source, renewable or nonrenewable
Potential for Replacement
of Fossil Fuels?
• Earth very suitable for wind energy
• Theoretical max of 5 times current global
consumption of energy
• Can wind solely replace fossil fuels?
• Opposition to Renewables
http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/worldwindenergyreport2008_s.pdf
The United States and Wind Power
• Leading country in installation
• President Obama’s stance
Around the World
Around the World
http://www.wwindea.org/home/images/stories/worldwindenergyreport2008_s.pdf
Future Plans
•Garden State Offshore Energy has proposed an offshore wind
farm
•96 turbines to produce 346 MW of energy which would power
thousands of homes
•16-20 miles offshore to minimize damage to ocean view
•Winds blow more reliably the farther offshore you go
Future Plans
• Norway is planning to make the world’s
largest wind turbine
• Most powerful-10 MW to power 2,000
homes
• This turbine floats, so can get further
offshore
• Can turn around with the wind
FLOdesign
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Design stemmed from jet engine
Turbine surrounded by shroud
Air hits stator
Redirected to turn rotor
Once on other side, the air moves
slower than the air flowing outside
the turbine
• Shroud guides fast-moving
outside air into the area just
behind the rotors which speeds up the slow-moving air,
creating an area of low pressure behind the turbine blades
that sucks more air through them
FLOdesign
•
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•
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Smaller blades
Can fit them closer together
Has fin to align with wind flow
Could double or triple
turbine’s output
• Prototype completed
by end of 2010
Is it possible to convert 100%?
• Island in Denmark attempting to convert
• Wind blows constantly
• Projects like this that, if successful, can bring
down costs
• In order for us to convert more to wind power
we need to create offshore turbines that are:
– larger
– more efficient
– utility-scale
Sources
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