Transcript Lesson 11
Lesson
11
But What's a Dictionary For?
I. Aims and Contents of Teaching
1. the comprehension of the text and the mastery of the important language points
2. the paraphrases of certain complicated or difficult sentences
I. Aims and Contents of Teaching
3. the enlargement of the students' vocabulary
4. the familiarisation with the styles of composition and devices of figuration
II. Procedure of teaching
1. Questions and answers
2. Analysis of the structure and language
3. Detailed study of the text
4. Supplementary and text-book exercises
III. Background information
Webster, Noah (Oct. 16, 1748 - May 28, 1843) American lexicographer and philologist, born in West Hartford, Conn. A Yale graduate.
III. Background information
His Elementary Spelling Book (the first part of the Grammatical Institute of the English Language) and The American
Dictionary of the English Language
established the nobility and vitality of the American Language.
III. Background information
He holds that the spelling and grammar of a language must be based on actual usage rather than artificial principles. And thus laid a foundation for the 20th century lexicography.
III. Background information
The Elementary Spelling Book, first published in the late years of the 18th cent., standardized American spelling and by 1850, when the whole population was under 23 million, was sold at 1 million copies annually.
III. Background information
The American Dictionary of the English
Language, his greatest work, was published in 1828. Of the 70,000 words, 12,000 had not appeared in any other dictionaries before. Within one year, all the 2,500 copies issued in American and the 3,000 copies in Britain were sold out.
III. Background information
In 1840, the second edition was a failure and he had to sell the copy right to Merriam Publishing Company which thereafter became the Merriam-Webster Incorporation. Webster's other contributions include efforts in the passage of a national copyright law, in the founding of the Amherst College etc.
III. Background information
Dictionary: a published list, in alphabetical order, of the words of a language, explaining and defining them, or in the case of a bilingual dictionary, translating them into another language.
III. Background information
In the 20th cent., American dictionary makers began to adopt criteria of use rather than of etymological purity. Dictionaries were produced in China, Greece, Islam, and other complex early cultures.
III. Background information
The first modern examples of lexicography are thought to be Nathan Bailey's Universal Etymological English Dictionary (1721) and his larger Dictionarium Britannicum (1730), which served Samuel Johnson,
III. Background information
who was considered as England's first complete man of letters, in preparing his
Dictionary of the English Language
(1755), the first comprehensive English lexicography.
III. Background information
The next great lexicographer was Noah Webster. His American Dictionary of the English Language has been skilfully revised and abridged over the years, thereby retaining its popularity. A six volume American encyclopaedic dictionary, The Century Dictionary, was completed in 1891.
III. Background information
American Dictionary of the English
Language ---1828
1840, second edition, failure, copyright sold to Merriam
1961, third edition, 2752 pages, 460,000 entries, 200,000 usage examples, 3,000 pictorial illustrations and more than 1,000 synonyms
III. Background information
British lexicographers from the 19th cent. on, began to collect and organize examples of usage.
III. Background information
In 1857, the Philological Society began collecting dated examples of usage, culminating in the publication (1928) of the monumental, unrivalled lexicon known as the New English Dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) or Murray's Dictionary.
III. Background information
Two major shorter editions exist: The
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Current
English and the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. Other advances in lexicography are reflected in the frequently revised collegiate or desk dictionaries, such as the Webster's New
Collegiate Dictionary.
III. Background information
Encyclopedia: book or set of books giving information about every branch of knowledge, or about one particular subject, with articles in alphabetical order
III. Background information
lexicon: dictionary, esp. of an ancient language or of words from a single subject
thesaurus: book containing lists of words and phrases grouped according to their meanings or types (a thesaurus of slang)
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
1. abuse: n. & v. abusive, adj.
–
a. unkind, cruel or rude words,
He burst into a storm of abuse.
He constantly addressed her in terms of abuse.
You are always abusing and offending people.
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–
b. wrong use, misuse, improper treatment, maltreat
Borrowing money is an abuse of friendship.
abuse of power, drug abuse,
to abuse one's power, authority, position, wealth, etc.
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2. popular press: newspapers, journals that are aimed at the needs or tastes of ordinary people and not the specialists in a particular subject
3. phenomenon:(pl. phenomena) a fact or event in nature or society
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4. scholarly: concerned with serious detailed study---opposite POPULAR
–
Scholarly matters, activities, etc involve or relate to scholars or their work.
–
His name is known in scholarly circles throughout the world.
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5. stature
–
a. Someone's stature is their height and general size.
She was rather small in stature.
–
b. The stature of a person or of their achievements is the importance and reputation that they have.
a musician of international stature
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cf:
statue: figure of a person, animal, etc., in wood, stone, bronze, etc.
–
the Statue of Liberty / Venus
status: condition, position in relation to others
–
one's class / political / social / marital status
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6. unbridled: not controlled or limited in any way, too violent and active, used to show disapproval
–
unbridled tongue / anger
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7. fury: violent or very strong anger
–
There was fury in the Duchess' grey eyes.
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Hearing this, they jumped on (scolded) him in a fury.
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He flew into a fury and said that the whole thing was disgusting.
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8. contempt: lack of respect
–
If you have contempt for someone or something, you do not like them and think that they are unimportant or of no value.
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–
They would look at us with unmistakable contempt.
–
Her contempt for foreigners was obvious.
–
hold sb. / sth. in contempt
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9. calamity: an event that causes a great deal of damage, destruction, or personal sadness and distress; serious misfortune
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disaster, calamity, catastrophe, etc.
Disaster is an unforeseen, ruinous, and often sudden misfortune that happens either through lack of foresight or through some hostile external agency; general word.
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Catastrophe
：大灾祸，（尤指悲剧的结 局）
implies a disastrous conclusion emphasizing finality. It is a sudden, unexpected and terrible event that causes great suffering, misfortune or ruin.
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A war is a catastrophe.
to plunge the country into a historical catastrophe
a world-wide catastrophe
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Calamity stresses personal reaction to a great public loss. A terrible and very bad event.
A national / natural / social calamity
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Cataclysm, orig. a deluge or geological convulsion, earthquake, applies to an event or situation that produces an upheaval or complete reversal.
a financial cataclysm
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10. scandal:
–
If sth is a scandal, a lot of people know about it and think that it is very shocking and immoral.
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If you say sth is a scandal, you are angry about it and think that the people responsible for it should be ashamed.
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–
The way that official wastes public money is a scandal.
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She brought scandal to her family by her outrageous behaviour.
– 陈希同
was involved in a scandal of corruption and embezzlement.
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11. editorial: an article in a newspaper which gives the opinion of the editor or publisher on a topic or item of the news.
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12. deteriorate: cause to become worse, worsen
–
His sight began to deteriorate.
–
She has suffered progressive deterioration of health.
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13. stern: very firm or hard towards others' behaviour.
Someone who is stern is very serious and expects to be obeyed.
–
a stern teacher / father
–
A puritanical person tends to be stern to himself and others as well.
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14. betray:
–
a. If you betray someone's trust, confidence, etc., or you betray your principles, you fail to act in the good and morally correct way that was expected of you.
–
He betrayed his friends to the enemy.
–
She betrayed her promise.
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Judas betrayed Jesus (to the authorities.
b. If you betray a secret, a plan, etc, you tell people things that you have been asked to keep secret.
c. To betray a feeling means to show it without wanting to or intending to.
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–
I’m afraid that my face may betray sth.
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Her eyes betrayed her sadness.
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His accent betrayed the fact that he was foreign.
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15. bar: the railing in a courtroom that encloses the place about the judge; barrier in a law court separating the judge, prisoner, lawyers, etc from the spectators.
the bar:(all those who belong to) the legal profession
the bar: the whole body of lawyers qualified to practice in any jurisdiction
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–
She's training for the bar.
be called to the bar
：
be received into the profession of barrister
–
After finishing her legal studies she was called / admitted to the bar.
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the prisoner at the bar
受审讯的犯人 –
She will be judged at the bar of public opinion.
behind bars: in prison
–
The murderer is now safely behind bars.
cf:
–
bartender = barman.
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16. deplorable: disgraceful, distressing, heartbreaking, lamentable, wretched,
17. flagrant: used to describe a bad or shocking action, situation, or attitude that is very obvious and not concealed in any way, conspicuous, notorious, open, scandalous
–
a flagrant violation of human rights, a flagrant injustices / cheating
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cf:
fragrant: apprec. having a sweet or pleasant smell
–
a fragrant rose / tea / memory
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18. non-word deluge:
It's like a flood of unacceptable words.
non: so bad as not to deserve the name
–
It was really a bad book --- non-story with non-characters.
non-words: words that are not acceptable, such as new slang or newly coined words.
deluge: a sudden very heavy fall of rain, a great flood
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19. abominable: Something abominable is very unpleasant, very bad, or very poor in quality, causing disgust and strong dislike.heinous, villainous
–
They work 7 days a week in abominable conditions.
–
Wages for primary school teachers in some area were abominable.
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20. dismay: feeling of fear and discouragement, disappointment, distress
be struck with dismay at the news
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21. They doubted that "Lincoln could have modelled ... a concept that ...
doubt (affirm. + that): to consider unlikely
–
I doubt that he will come.
–
I doubt that he is honest.
They doubted that ... could have done...: They believed that ... could not have done...
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Life declared that Lincoln could not have formed or shaped his Gettysburg Address after the patterns set by the Third International or, if Lincoln had used the Third International as a model, his Gettysburg Address could not have been so excellent.
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This declaration reveals a foolish idea of the editors, that one should write things strictly after the patterns set by a dictionary, or in other words, if you have a good dictionary, you can write good articles. This ridiculous concept does not provide any clue or information on how Lincoln composed his famous Address, but exposes/ discloses how foolish the editors of LIFE are.
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In the author's opinion, it is an absolute nonsense to claim that one could model an article on a dictionary .
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22. model...on: take as a model, or example
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She modelled herself on her mother.
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They model themselves on the F4.
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23. throw light on: make sth. clearer
–
A spotlight threw a pool of violet light onto the stage.
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His assistant was in a position to throw light on his character.
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His speech throws a different light on what happened.
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24. underlie: When you say A underlies B, then A is the cause or basis of B.
–
His essay is badly written, but the idea underlying it is good.
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Does some personal difficulty underlie his lack of interest in work?
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25. citation: the act of quotation, a short passage taken from something written or spoken by someone else
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26. fraud:a. sth that deceives people in a illegal or immoral way, a crime of gaining money or other benefits by trickery
–
The judge found him guilty of fraud.
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The elder brother gained control of the property by fraud.
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b. a person who pretends or claims to be what he is not
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People who offer to tell your future by means of a pack of cards are frauds.
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The hair-restorer is a fraud; he is as bald as ever.
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27. hoax: a trick in which sb. tells the police, emergency services, or the public
–
The fire brigade answered the emergency call but there was no fire -- it was all a hoax.
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If someone tries to convince you that a forged work of art is genuine, it is a hoax.
–
a hoax phone call
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28. discrepancy: difference. If there is a discrepancy between two things, they ought to be the same.
–
You say you paid $5 and the bill says $3; how do you explain the discrepancy?
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There was little / much discrepancy in the testimony of the two witnesses.
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There is a discrepancy between what you say and what John says.
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29. interpose: to place, put in between; interrupt with a comment or question
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He interposed his body between me and the window, so that I could not see out.
–
interpose a barrier between A and B
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30. remedy: treatment, medicine, etc that cures or relieves a disease or pain
–
a popular remedy for flu, toothache, etc.
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I often use herbal remedies.
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He found a remedy for his grief in constant hard work.
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31. compel: to make sb. do sth. by or as if by force
–
force: general term, which implies the exertion of strength, typically physical strength
–
force slaves to labour
–
force food upon a child
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Sometimes force carries additional implications when followed by a simple object.
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To force a woman is to rape her.
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To force a door is to break it open.
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Compel differs from force in typically requiring a personal object. Compel commonly implies the exercise of authority, the exertion of great effort or driving force.
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There is no possible method of compelling a child to feel sympathy or affection.
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32. extraneous: not belonging to what is being dealt with, unrelated, alien
–
to avoid extraneous things
–
to eliminate extraneous interference
32. tout: to praise loudly or extravagantly
clout: to hit forcefully
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34. buggy: a light one-horse carriage made with two wheels in England and with four wheels in the US 35. linguistics: the systematic study of language
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36. charter: written or printed statement of rights, permission to do sth, constitution
–
the Charter of the United Nations
– –
the Atlantic Charter the citizens’ rights laid down by charter
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37. philology:
–
a. the study of literature and of disciplines relevant to literature or to language as used in literature.
–
b. linguistics. esp. historical and comparative linguistics.
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38. inseminating: to sow seed in, to implant
–
inseminate the minds of the young with revolutionary ideas
–
inseminating scholar: a scholar who implants new ideas in the minds of others
semen: liquid containing sperm of male animals
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39. relegate: to dismiss to a lower position or condition
–
If you relegate sth. you cause it to have a less important position or status.
–
He relegated his wife to the position of a mere housekeeper.
–
You can't relegate the pop song singer / movie star to the third rate.
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40. category: a division within a system of classification Party committee meetings can be divided into 2 categories, standing committee meetings and plenary sessions.
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41. Yale University: one of the 8 Ivy League universities (because there was ivy on campus walls) on the East Coast.
– – – – – – – –
Brown, Rhode Is.
Columbia, N.Y. City Cornell, N.Y.
Dartmouth, New Hampshire Harvard, Massachusetts Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Princeton, New Jersey Yale, Connecticut.
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Bloomfield was one of the most outstanding scholars who bring creative thinking into others' minds. He had such broad range of knowledge that you can not regard him merely as a professor of certain specific field. He was a genius who would never take it for granted that those accepted rules and conventions were correct just because they were well established.
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42. anthropology: the science of human beings, esp. the study of human beings in relation to distribution, origin, classification, and relationship of races, physical character, environmental and social relations, and culture
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43. unique: having no like or equal, being the only one of its sort, sole, peculiar The beauty of the Mona Lisa is unique. As a writer, he is unique.
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44. term: word or expression with a special meaning or used in a particular activity, job, profession, etc.
medical / scientific / technical / legal terms
Here: One cannot use the principles of logical reason or the rules and principles of a theoretical, ideal language to describe a living language.
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in terms of: with regard to, in relation to
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In terms of natural resources it is one of the poorest countries in Western Europe.
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He thought of everything in terms of money.
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The job is bad in terms of money, but it's nice in terms of joy.
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He referred to your work in terms of high praise .
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45. dynamic: marked by continuous usu. productive change, full of power and activity
–
a dynamic person / period in history
46. static: showing little change, characterized by lacking of movement
– –
static electricity Life on campus seemed static.
–
Civilization does not remain static, but changes constantly.
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47. proposition: an unproved statement in which an opinion or judgement is expressed, an assertion
（观点主张） –
The proposition is so clear that it needs no explanation.
–
The two teams prepared to debate the given proposition.
–
a new nation dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal
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Proposal: the act of suggesting or putting forward
（提议建议） –
to place a proposal
–
the proposal of new terms for a peace treaty
–
propose: offer for consideration
–
What do you propose to do next?
–
Jack proposed to Mary and she accepted his proposal.
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48. follow: come after, to happen as a necessary result of; to occur as a consequence
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Because he is good, it does not follow that he is wise.
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It follows from what you have just said that he must be innocent.
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49. insofar as, in so far as, in as far as: to the extent or degree that
–
He is a Russian in so far as he was born in Russia, but he became a French citizen in 1920.
–
I will help you insofar as I can.
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He can be trusted in as far as he has never yet told a lie.
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50. accurate: exact, correct, free from error or fault, esp. as the result of care
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His information was accurate.
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You are not quite accurate when you call a computer an electronic brain.
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51. indication: sign or suggestion
–
There was no indication this morning that it would rain.
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There is every indication of a change in the weather.
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With a nod of his head he indicated to me where I should sit.
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A red sky at night indicates fine weather the following day.
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52. adapt: to change so as to be suitable for new needs, different conditions etc.
–
He was obliged to adapt himself to the situation.
–
The shrewd politician adapts his speech to suit the interests of his audience.
–
The author is going to adapt his play for television .
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53. unparalleled: having no equal or match, unique in kind or quality
–
an unparalleled victory
–
rains of unparalleled intensity
parallel: (of two or more lines) having the same distance between each other at every point
–
The highway runs parallel with the railroad.
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54. precedent: an earlier occurrence of sth. similar; sth done or said that may serve as an example to justify a subsequent act of the same kind
–
There is no precedent for electing the same man President of the United States three times.
–
It is something without precedent in history.
cf: antecedent
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55. subtle: delicate, difficult to understand or distinguish, obscure
–
By subtle means he managed to persuade her.
–
He has a subtle mind.
–
There is a subtle difference between these two words.
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56. pervasive: widespread; a kind that will easily pervade (for smell or ideas, feelings) to spread through every part
–
the pervasive influence of television
–
I can sense the pervasive mood of pessimism in the country.
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57. utilitarian: concerned with practical use; not made for perfect forms; characterized by usefulness rather than by beauty; convenient, useful, functional
–
A good down-filled coat is more utilitarian than a fur coat.
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58. unbuttoned: with the buttons not fastened, (fig.) relaxed, free from formality
59. gibber /'d
ib
/ ; /
/: talk fast or make meaningless sounds, esp. talk that doesn't make sense
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60. caption: (here) a noun used as a verb meaning entitle
Not that: though one is not suggesting that; one is not saying that
–
Not that it matters, but how did you spend the money I gave you?
–
If he ever said so, --- not that I ever heard him say so, --- he told a lie.
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61. hang on to: to hold, grip or keep firmly
–
The child hanged on to her mother's hand , and would not let go.
–
There are some people who hang on to their positions long after they should have retired.
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62. label: n. a piece of paper or other material fixed to sth., on which is written what it is, where it is to go, who owns it,etc.
verb. to fix or tie a label on
–
Tom has been given the label of "playboy" by his friends.
– –
He labelled the parcel before posting it.
She was labelled as a “rightist”/ social butterfly.
–
The bottle is labelled "poison".
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63. scorn: contempt; feeling that sb. or sth. deserves no respect; to feel contempt
–
Honest boys scorn liars.
–
You have no right to scorn someone who is poor.
–
He scorned to ask / asking for help.
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64. coincidence: an occurrence of events that happen at the same time by accident but seem to have some connection
co: prefix, together with another or others
–
co-author, -ed, -exist, -ordinate, -operation, colleague, correspond
–
By coincidence we both arrived at the same time.
–
These meetings happen too often to be coincidental.
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65. furnish: to put furniture in a building, (fml) to supply what is necessary for a special purpose
–
The newlyweds couldn't wait to furnish the apartment because the baby was already on its way.
–
No one in the class could furnish the right answer to the question.
–
One cow furnished milk for all of them.
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66. illustrate: to explain or show the meaning of sth. by giving related examples, pictures etc.
–
The teacher illustrated his lesson with pictures.
–
The story he told about her illustrates her true personality very clearly.
–
These words should be given with illustrative examples.
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67. journal:
a. publication issued daily. It gives an account of matters of interest occurring during the preceding 24 hours.
b. official publication of some special group (as of American Bar Association)
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periodical(
期刊
): publication appearing at regular intervals, esp. weeklies, biweeklies, monthlies, quarterlies.
newspaper: Usual term for a sheet or group of sheets, such a publication is called "journal" only in formal speech or written. People whose profession is writing for newspapers are termed journalists.
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Magazine
（杂志）
: applies chiefly to a periodical, often illustrated, which offers motley collection of articles, such as fiction, poetry and commentary
Review
（评论）
: periodical which emphasises critical writings commenting on important events and significant question of the day
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68. cumbrous, (rare) cumbersome: burdensome; heavy and awkward to carry
–
A soldier today would find old-fashioned armour very cumbrous.
69. literate: well educated, able to read and write
cf: literal, literary
illiterate, illiteracy anti-illiteracy campaign, (but) literacy class
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70. current: belonging to the present time, commonly accepted, in general use.
This word is no longer in current use.
current fashions / events / prices, etc.
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71. variant: different form, as of a word, phrase, or part of a story or piece of writing
–
The plant is a variant of the common type.
–
The song is just a variant of an old folk tune.
–
"Favor" is the American variant of the British "favour".
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72. vanity: the state of having too high an opinion of one's own appearance or ability
–
to do sth out of vanity
–
to injure one's vanity
–
All is vanity.
concern: business, a matter of importance
–
Mind your own concern.
–
This is none of your concern
–
That's no concern of mine.
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73. abdicate: to give up officially (an official position, esp. that of king or queen), to give up (a right esp. a responsibility)
–
King Edward IVI abdicated to marry a commoner.
–
He abdicated his responsibilities and fled.
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74. distinction: quality of being superior, excellent, and unusual
–
Hardy was a writer of distinction.
–
He served with distinction in the army.
–
A governor should be a man of distinction.
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75. lexicography: the editing or making of a dictionary, the principles and practices of dictionary making
76. conspicuous: noticeable, attracting attention, easily seen
–
She is always conspicuous because of her fashionable clothes.
–
A traffic sign should be conspicuous.
–
conspicuous error
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77. elevate: to make (the mind, soul, etc.) better, higher; (fml.) to raise or lift up
–
His inspiring speech elevated the audience.
–
He was elevated to president of the company .
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used in place of lift or raise, suggesting uplifting or enhancing
–
to elevate one's standards of literary taste
elevation: the quality of being fine and noble elevator: AmE. lift. (cf: escalator)
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78. convey: to carry or take from one place to another; to make (feelings, ideas, thoughts, etc) known
–
Wires convey electricity from power stations to the user.
–
I cannot convey my feelings in words.
–
Please convey my best wishes to your parents.
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conveyer belt:(also conveyor) continuous belt or band that moves on rollers and is used for transporting loads (e.g. products in a factory, luggage at an airport).
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79. auditor: a. one that hears or listens, esp. one that is a member of an audience ( a group of listeners or spectators).
b. one who officially examines accounts
（审计员）
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80. bombination: buzz, drone, continuous low dull noise (not listed in Longman)
81. barbarism: word or expression that is unacceptable, usu. because it is foreign or vulgar
–
act like barbarians
–
barbarian tribes
–
barbaric cruelty
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82. pretentious: claiming (in an unpleasant way) importance or social rank that one does not possess, showy, pretending to be very important, pompous
–
He is a pompous, pretentious man.
–
a pretentious writer, author, book, speech
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83. verbosity: the quality of using or containing too many words; wordy.
pretentious and obscure verbosity: using too many words which seem important but actually not clear; using too many showy subtle words.
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84. instance: (fml) (to give) an example
–
The following are instances of correct use of double prepositions.
–
Lincoln is an instance of a poor boy who rose to fame.
–
There are jobs more dangerous than truck driving, for instance, training lions.
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Example applies to a typical, representative, or illustrative instance or case.
It is impossible to study a writer without examples of his work.
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85. pivot: a fixed central point or pin on which sth. turns
86. hinge: a metal part which joins 2 objects together and allows the first to swing around the (usu. fixed) second, such as one joining a door or gate to a post, or a lid to a box.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
87. groove: a long narrow path or track made in a surface, esp. to guide the movement of sth.
88. accordion: portable musical instrument with bellows, metal reeds, and a keyboard.
89. enclosure: sth. that is shut in on all sides.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
90. admonish: (fml) to scold or warn gently
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The teacher admonished the boys not to be so careless (against being careless).
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He admonished them of the danger (that it was dangerous).
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
91. brevity: shortness or conciseness of expression
–
the brevity of his writing / his life
92. virtue: goodness, nobleness; any good quality of character or behaviour;
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You can trust him; he's a man of the highest virtue.
–
Justice and kindness are virtues.
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The great virtue of air travel is speed.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
93. infer: reach an opinion (from facts or reasoning); conclude
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We infer from his letters that he is very unhappy.
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The jury inferred from the testimony that the defendant was lying.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
cf:
imply: Correctly it is the listener or reader who infers things while the speaker or writer implies things.
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I looked at his boots and inferred that he must be a policeman.
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He said it was late, implying that we ought to go home.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
94. booby trap: sth. balanced on the tip of a door so that it will fall on the first person to pass through; hidden bomb which explodes when some harmless looking object is touched; any harmless trap used for surprising sb.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
95. whereas: (used for introducing an opposite) but in contrast, while on the other hand
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They want a house, whereas we would rather live in a flat.
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She prefers yellow, whereas I prefer green.
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Some praise him, whereas others condemn him.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
96. ridicule: laugh unkindly at, cause sb. to appear foolish
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Why do you ridicule my proposal?
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His suggestion met with ridicule by the others.
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It is ridiculous to dispute about such things.
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The hat makes you look ridiculous.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
97. on this / that score: as far as this / that point is considered
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I am perfectly capable of looking after myself, so please don't worry about me on this score.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
98. reticulate: (in fact or in appearance) divide or be divided into a network of small squares
decussate: cross or cut so as to form an X
interstice: a small or narrow space between things or parts
intersection: the point or line where two lines or surfaces meet or cross
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
99. merriment: noun of merry, light hearted gaiety or fun making, laughter, celebration
Merry suggests cheerful, joyous, uninhibited enjoyment
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
100. subsequent: later, following
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The first ticket costs $10, but all subsequent ones only $8.
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In subsequent lessons, we shall take up more difficult problems.
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He was arrested and subsequently sentenced to five years' imprisonment.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
sequence: succession, connected line of events, ideas, etc.
–
deal with events in historical / time sequence
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a sequence of clubs (diamonds etc.)
–
TV sequence
sub: under, of lower rank, less importance
–
sub -marine, -mersible, -committee, sub-human
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
101. proliferate: to grow or reproduce by rapid production of new parts, cells, or offspring; to increase in number, multiply
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Non-proliferation Treaty of Nuclear and Chemical Weapons
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Tropical vegetation proliferates.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
102. demark: 'demarcate: to set apart, to separate
103. take refuge: find shelter in
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During the storm we took refuge in a cave.
–
He took refuge in telling lies / silence.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
104. seal: piece of wax, lead or other soft material, usu. stamped with a design and fixed to a document to show that it is genuine, or to a letter, packet, container, etc. to prevent it from being opened by the wrong person
seal: put a seal on (e.g. a legal document)
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
~ sth (up): fasten or close sth securely
–
seal the parcel (up) with adhesive tape
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The jar must be well sealed.
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Seal (up) the window to prevent wind.
sealing-wax: type of wax that melts quickly when heated and hardens quickly when cooled, used for sealing letters, etc
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
105. jet: a narrow stream of liquid, gas, etc. coming forcefully out of a small hole
–
The firemen directed jets of water at the burning house.
jet: any aircraft that is pushed through the air by a jet engine
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
jets of air: air door, a curtain of air blows across the threshold where a door usually is. It is used in combination with an air conditioner in hot climates to prevent hot air from coming in and cold air from going out.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
106. lease: written agreement, made according to law, by which the use of a building or piece of land is given by its owner to sb for a certain time in return for rent
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
–
the Lend-Lease Act: (passed by U.S. Congress in 1941) in World War II, the furnishing of goods and services to any country whose defence was deemed vital to the defence of the United states
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I have a lease on this house for three years.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
107. rent: the regular payment for the use of land, a building, a room, etc.
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I rented a small house in Newton for a year.
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He rented the house to a young couple.
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The apartment rents for $100 a month.
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How much rent do you pay for your house?
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You owe me three weeks' rent.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
Hire, let lease, rent, charter are comparable when they mean to take or grant the use of sth. for a price.
–
Hire and let are complementary and reciprocal terms, hire meaning to engage the use or occupancy of sth. at a price and let meaning to grant its use or occupancy for a return.
–
In distinctive use lease means to let on a contract
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
–
Rent implies payment in money for the use of land and the buildings. As long as this idea is stressed, the verb may denote either to hire or to let a property.
–
Charter means to hire by a contract similar to a lease by which the use of a ship is given for a certain time and the safe delivery of its cargo is promised. The word is often extended to other means of transportation (as buses or aeroplanes) and then usually implies to reserve by hiring or leasing the exclusive
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
108. gyp: cheat
109. contraption: device that is strange, that one does not fully understand
–
a peculiar contraption to shell the water melon seeds
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
110. in preference to:
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He has a preference for meat rather than fish.
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A teacher should not show preference for any one of her pupils.
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I'd choose the small car in preference to the larger one.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
prefer a to b:
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I prefer blue to red.
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While he was in the office, he preferred doing sth. to doing nothing.
prefer a rather than b
–
He prefers beef rather than mutton.
–
He preferred to stay at home rather than go with us.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
preferable
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A dark suit is preferable to a light one for evening wear.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
111. barrier: sth. (e.g. a wall, rail, fence etc.) that prevents, or controls progress or movement
112. cellar: underground room for storing coal, wine, etc. cf: basement: a room in a house which are below street level. barn: covered building for storing hay, grain, etc. on a farm
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
113. be open to: a. not safe from b. willing to receive
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Her behaviour is open to misunderstanding.
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His conduct is open to criticism (likely to be criticized)
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The competition is open to all pupils under 12.
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The accounts are open to inspection.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
114. eradicate: to pull up by the roots; destroy or put an end to
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to eradicate disease / smallpox
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Police work diligently to eradicate crime.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
115. meritorious: deserving of honour, esteem, praise
merit: the quality of deserving praise, reward, etc. personal worth
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You may not like him, but he has his merits.
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He knew the merit of his work.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
116. vary: differ
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People vary very much in their ideas.
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Opinions vary on this point.
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These apples vary in size from small to medium.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
variable:a. changeable, not staying the same (connotation: unpredictability)
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His mood / temper is variable.
b. able to be changed deliberately, that can be intentionally varied
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The amount of heat produced by this electrical apparatus is variable at will by turning a small handle.
–
a variable standard
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
variation: an example of change
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There are many variations of this story.
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It was a variation from my usual work.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
variety: a. difference of condition or quality
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We demand more variety for our food.
b. type
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There are several varieties of red roses.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
varied: when meaning different, the stress is on laid on "full of change“
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He had had a varied training, had held many offices.
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There is a dining-room that will seat 200 persons, and the menu is varied and cheap.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
various: when meaning different, the stress is on "difference“
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His reasons for leaving were many and various.
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We have various type of radios.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
Vary and differ
Differ stresses the fact of unlikeness in kind or nature or in opinion, but does not indicate (except through the context) the extent or degree of divergence.
Vary, though often interchangeable with differ, may call attention to readily apparent differences and sometimes suggests a range of differences.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
Interchangeable
–
People vary / differ very much in their ideas.
Uninterchangeable
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Wisdom differs from cunning.
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The two parties differ very sharply from each other over the correct remedies to apply.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
Vary is not often found to be followed by
from
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Our style will vary with our changes in mood.
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The colour of the fruit varies with age.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
If one varies sth., he deliberately makes changes in them.
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You can vary the pressure at will.
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You should vary your diet.
vary between …and / vary from …to
–
Consumption of domestic fuel oil varies between / from 150 gallons a month at the height of winter and / to practically nothing in July-August.
IV. Detailed Study of the Text
If people differ about sth., they don’t agree with each other about it.
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We differ about moral standards.
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This is basically where we differ.
If people agree to differ, they agree to accept the fact that they will never have the same opinion about it.
You say “I beg to differ” when you want to say politely that you disagree with someone.
V. Type of Writing:
Argument (Persuasion)
–
Argument can hardly be treated as a separate form of composition. It's a kind of exposition with the additional purpose of Convincing or Persuading. While exposition does not always contain argument, Argument always contains exposition.
V. Type of Writing:
An argument is in reality an answer to a question. When you try to persuade or convince your readers, you use reading to appeal to their understanding. At most basic levels, there are 2 ways of reasoning .
V. Type of Writing:
1. begin with details, specific examples or various of evidence and on the basis of these come to the conclusion or generalization.
2. begin with a general assertion which is followed by exploration and explanation of its implications and justification. Finally return to the assertion in the conclusion.
VI. Structural analysis
:
Part 1: para. 1 – para. 3
–
The storm of abuse in the popular press.
–
The claim of the dictionary maker.
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The question for argument: What is a dictionary for?
VI. Structural analysis
:
Part 2: para. 4 – para. 13.
–
section 1: Statement 1.
–
A dictionary is concerned with words.
VI. Structural analysis
–
section 2: statement 2
Progress in lexicography:
Bloomfield and his 4 findings
the assertion following the findings
the illustration of the findings and the assertion
VI. Structural analysis
Part 3: para. 14 – para. 25
–
section 1: (para. 14) spelling, pronunciation, meaning and usage, certainty, simplification
–
section 2: (para. 15) spelling
–
section 3: (paras. 16 - 17) pronunciation
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section 4: (paras. 18 - 25) meaning and usage
VI. Structural analysis
:
Part 4: Conclusion
VII .
Rhetorical Devices
Personification:
–
The storm...that greeted...
–
An article in the Atlantic viewed it as a disappointment...
–
The Yew York Times, ...felt it
–
The Journal ...saw...
VII. Rhetorical Devices
Alliteration:
–
...very little light on Lincoln...on Life
Assonance:
–
The difference between the much touted ... and the much clouted ...
VII. Rhetorical Devices
Synecdoche:
–
What of those sheets and jets of air that are now being used, in place of old-fashioned oak and hinges...
VII. Rhetorical Devices
Metonymy
–
The Washington Post, ..."keep Your Old Webster's"
–
in short, ...written in the language that
the
describes...
3rd International
VII. Rhetorical Devices
Zeugma: the use of a word to modify or govern 2 or more words usu. in such a manner that it applies to each in different sense or makes sense with only one
–
The issue of New York Times …hail the Second as the authority… and the Third as a scandal…
VII. Rhetorical Devices
Zeugma:
–
Miss Bolo went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair.
–
He lost his hat and his temper.
–
To wage war and peace
–
With weeping eyes and hearts