Transcript Introduction to Meteorology and Climatology

Umweltmeteorologie
Prof. Dr. Otto Klemm
17. Innenraumluft
übernommen von Prof. Matschullat, Freiberg
Indoor Pollution
Climatology
• an underestimated problem
• Major topics: asbestos, lead, radon, CO,
VOC’s, ozone, NOx, formaldehyde, mould,
allergenes, “sick building syndrome” (SBS)
• Risk factors of indoor climate
- sources
- physical, chemical
and microbiological factors
- exposure
• Health effects of indoor pollution
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Risk factors
• Complex indoor environment
• Multitude of parameters with influence on health and comfort
• Interaction between building, its use, and the people who live
or work in it
• Risk factors are associated with structural conditions
-
Choice of building design
-
Building materials
Fittings and furnishings
Building operation and maintenance
-
Activities within a building
Nature of psycho sociological environment
 Objective (scientifically sound) reasons for complaints may be
difficult to establish (age, gender, smoking habits, noise, lighting…)
Chemical, physical and microbiological
factors
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Indoor environment is a dynamic “universe”:
- Variability of source emissions
- Types of different indoor spaces
- Different ventilation and climatic conditions
•
Contaminant sources
- Occupants and their activities (bio effluents, tobacco smoking, cooking…)
- Building material and furnishing (wall and floor covering, paints,
insulation material…)
- Processes within buildings (combustion/heating, ventilation/air
conditioning, paper processing (photo copying…)
- Outdoor contaminants have to be added to these endogenic emissions
•
Source types
- Continuous sources (long-term emissions e.g., from materials)
- Discontinuous sources (short-term emissions with variable source
strength: most human activities)
•
Contaminant types
- Inorganic and organic gases and vapours and particulates, T, humidity,
lighting, noise
after Kirchner S (1998) ERCA 3
•
Chemical, physical and microbiological
factors
Climatology Indoor Pollution
after Kirchner S (1998) ERCA 3
Microbiological air quality control
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Technical data
sampling rate:
100 L min-1
(standard)
volume:
10—10.000 L
start delay:
0—59 min
volume determination: Thermal mass
flow controller
Hospitals, pharmaceutical,
cosmetic, and food industries;
water purification plants,
waste disposal sites, homes...
size:
200 x 170 x 125mm
weight:
2 kg
energy:
AC/DC
price:
ca. 2000 €
Direct sampling on Petri discs, equipped with nutrient bed
example from DESAGA (2001) Luftkeimsammler GS 100
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Outdoor pollutants
• Urban atmospheric pollutants
-
NOx, CO, O3, particles, …
Allergens from soil and vegetation (pollen, spores, ….)
Outdoor mould
Other respirable particles such as pesticides
• Radon
- One of the most serious environmental carcinogens
- Infiltrate from underlying rocks, from building materials, and from
groundwater
 Pollutants
 enter through the ventilation system or infiltrate via the buildings shell
permeability
 Temporal variation may follow outdoor patterns
 May persist longer indoors than outdoors (absorption depending on
nature of pollutant, chemical reactivity, air exchange rate, aeraulic
conditions around the building, …
after Kirchner S (1998) ERCA 3
Indoor pollutants – compounds
Climatology Indoor Pollution
• Compounds
- NOx, CO, O3, particles, … but from indoor sources
- VOC’s and SVOC’s (alcanes, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons,
aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, …)
• VOC’s
- From building and furniture material (resins, insulation material,
material softeners and hardeners, particle boards, textiles, adhesives,
caulks, floor covering, …)
- From occupants activities and habits (arts and crafts, cigarette smoke,
alcohol consumption, cleaning, pets, …)
- From household products (cosmetics, cleaning agents, dyes, paints, …)
- From microbial growth
Mean concentration of individual VOC’s is usually < 50 µg m-3, most < 5 µg m-3,
while TVOC may easily be around 1100 µg m-3;
Homes with gas stoves may have significantly higher CO levels than those with
electric stoves
after Kirchner S (1998) ERCA 3
Indoor pollutants – T, noise, and light
Climatology Indoor Pollution
There is no absolutely right setting of these environmental
factors for humans – the individual perception, state of health,
and habit define the level of well-being. “Sick-building-syndrome”
Temperature
- Even small DT may have a substantial effect for the feeling of heavy-headiness,
headache, etc.. An increase of 1 °C from 22 to 23 °C increases this risk due to
considerably increased emissions e.g., from materials.
Light
- Incorrect lighting, including the use of VDU or computer screens have been
understood as a cause for eye irritations and headaches.
Noise
- Noise perception depends on its characteristics (unusual frequencies or pure
sound) and on circumstances. In general, it is necessary to obtain a noise level
through phonical insulation to prevent annoyance and allow for concentrated work.
after Kirchner S (1998) ERCA 3
Indoor pollutants – exposure
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Most problematic exposure
- Use of pesticides, insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides (for indoor pets or to
protect materials or plants) with improper ventilation may lead to acute exposure.
Environmentally persistant organochlorine pesticides easily bind to fine particles
(respirable) and remain active for long periods of time through continuous
resuspension.
- Environmental tobacco smoke (mixture of direct intake and indirect intake) is
the most important source of indoor aerosols and respirable fine particles. It
yields over 4000 chemical compounds (dynamic mix of particles and gases ith
iritants, such as acrolein, toxic agents (CO, NOx, ammonia, and HCN), and more
than 40 suspected carcinogenic compounds (benzene, benzo-a-pyrene, 2naphthylamine, 4-aminobiphenyl, Ni, and 210Po, …).
- Biological agents (bioaerosols) include microorganisms (viruses, bacteria,
fungi), toxins from growing organisms and metabolic products (spores, mycelium
fragments, dust mites, pet hair, …). Fundamental role of humidity and warmth
- Asbestos and mineral fibres from insulation, fire proofing, building boards, vinyl
flooring. MMMF (man made mineral fibers) are particularly risky when being
installed.
after Kirchner S (1998) ERCA 3
Observed indoor air health effects
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Due to the diversity of the nature and intensity of indoor air pollution, a large variety of
effects can be observed. Many are highly important but remain unnoticed because they
escape the senses (micro-organisms, toxic and carcinogenic substances, ionising and
non-ionising electromagnetic radiation, radioactive substances).
Acute hazards
Sometimes lethal at short term, like intoxication with carbon monoxide or
infection (legionellosis, aspergillosis, tuberculosis)
Allergies with biological origin (dust mites, pet hair …)
Worsen in the presence of other substances like NOx, tobacco smoke etc.
Dissatisfaction, discomfort or stuffiness feelings
Associated with olfactory annoyance, eyes, nose, and throat irritations (often
linked with T, humidity, air velocity, bio effluent, tobacco smoke, spores,
endotoxins, myco-toxins, and some VOC’s)
Acute long-term hazards
Assessment is much debated like carcinogenic effects (especially lung cancer
linked with environmental tobacco smoke, radon, and asbestos), or not well
documented such as reproduction and cardiovascular diseases linked to glycol
ethers or prolonged exposure to pesticides.
after Kirchner S (1998) ERCA 3
Health: the respiratory system
Climatology Indoor Pollution
eyes, skin, and hair
Particle deposition
in the respiratory
system vs. particle
diameter
larynx
trachea and primary
bronchia
secondary bronchia
tertiary bronchia
alveoli
alveoli
after Baumbach (1994) 3.ed.
Health: deposition and kinetic clearance
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Nose-larynx
TracheaBronchiae
Alveolae
Stomach-Int.-tract
Residence half live:
50% cleared in 24 hours
25% cleared in 100 hours
25% cleared in 50 to 100 days
after Marquardt & Schäfer (1997) and Perdrix (1998) ERCA 3
Interstitium
Lung-associated
Lymph knots
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Health: threshold values
Deposition values of TA Luft
Discontinuous measurement of deposition on 1 km2 area close to emitters. Problems
with health related interpretation. Two levels IW1 and IW2.
MIK values by VDI
Time (exposition) based values with emphasis on short term stress. Levels for 0.5
hours and 24 hours, and 1 year.
Smog alarm values by Smog-VO
Two alarm levels with restrictions for polluters (car traffic, production, power plants).
Currently less relevant, general approach.
MAK values by DFG
Continous elaboration of threshold values for air borne substances. Maximum value
for an 8-hour exposition, and 40 hours working time per week. Values valid for healthy
adults only.
after Baumbach (1994) 3.ed.
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Air quality standards
after Baumbach (1994) 3.ed.
Impact evaluation of indoor pollutants
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Health impact
Severe effects
Minor effects
% of people affected
death
cancer
serious disease
mild disease
discomfort
annoyance
reduced productivity
> 10 % of population
large exposure
large exposure
large health impact
limited health impact
limited exposure
large health impact
limited exposure
limited health impact
< 10% of population
after Kirchner S (1998) ERCA 3
Organic compounds in indoor air
- occurrence, sampling, analysis
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Which substances are present?
Is a substance X present?
How much of X is present?
Active and passive sampling
- Passive sampling is best to obtain an overview, to avoid disturbance within living
quarters, and to allow for longer cumulative sampling
c = K (1 / D t) M
With c: concentration (µg m-3), K: sampler specific constant, D: diffusion
coefficient (cm2 sec-1), t: exposition time, M: collected mass of substance(µg).
D is usually between 0.06 and 0.12 cm2 sec-1 (avg. 0.09 cm2 sec-1)
-
Active sampling is fast, can be more specific, allows for a quantitative sampling and
analysis.
after Seifert et al. (1984)
Indoor air – passive sampling
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Passive sampler “gas badge”
after Seifert et al. (1984)
Indoor air in Berlin: passive sampling
Climatology Indoor Pollution
after Seifert et al. (1984)
Indoor air in Berlin: active sampling
Climatology Indoor Pollution
after Seifert et al. (1984)
Indoor air – active sampling
Climatology Indoor Pollution
A: living room air
after Seifert et al. (1984)
B: test chamber with furniture
Indoor air – quality trend
Climatology Indoor Pollution
Toluol time trend after installation of a wall to wall carpet
X: active sampling
O: passive sampling
A: sampling after intense aeration
after Seifert et al. (1984)