Transcript The Psychology of Recovery and Rehabilitation

Foundation Psychology
The Psychology of
Recovery
and Rehabilitation
Dan Eaves
Learning Outcomes
• Today’s session you should develop:
• An understanding of the nature of stress
and recovery from a biological,
psychological and social (biopsychosocial)
perspective.
Overview
• Training and recovery
• Maximising recovery
• Stress, emotion and performance
Reading
Chapter 1
Kellmann, M. (2002). Enhancing
Recovery: Preventing Underperformance
in Athletes. Human Kinetics, London.
The Psychology of Injury
• “Fitness is confidence” Stanley Matthews
But can you trust everything you hear...?
• “He’s got a knock on his shin there, just
above the knee.” Frank Stapleton
• “I don’t think there’s anyone bigger or
smaller than Maradona.” Kevin Kegan
Performance Enhancement (?)
• Can the rate of recovery
from intense training
predetermine success?
•The harder we train, the
larger the performance
improvement
– up to what point?
Why do people enjoy Sport and
exercise?
•
•
•
•
Social
Competition
Physical
Emotional
• Pleasure??
However, There are Dangers…
• Research must determine the threshold
between commitment and dependence to
determine whether exercise is positive or
negative.
• Popular explanations for exercise
dependence are based upon endorphin
production and on personality.
Training Programmes
(psychobiosocial states)
• The development of effective new training
techniques must acknowledge the need to avoid
over training (Kellmann, 2002).
– Illness, burnout, injury, fatigue, mood
• Both physiological and psychological limits are
intimately linked and are very individualised.
• Optimal training must allow for optimal recovery in
order to achieve optimal performance.
Optimal Training
Training
Recovery
Stress
Time
•This balance is an integral part of training, which
is often overlooked (Rowbottom et al. 1998).
Underrecovery
• Underrecovery:
– The failure to fulfil current recovery demands.
• This can result from excessively prolonged
and/or intense exercise, stressful
competition, and/or other life stressors.
• Reduces the possibility for optimal
performance.
• “…I was brain dead and couldn’t wait to get to
bed. Sometimes I’d fall asleep straight away,
but other times I had trouble turning my mind off
. . . Worrying about classes, wondering what
the coach was thinking, asking myself if I
belonged here, or not…
“…The next thing I knew, the alarm clock was
buzzing and it was time to get up and do it all
over again. I had no social life, nothing was any
fun, and I wasn’t doing anything very well – I felt
I was barely getting by.”
Awareness of Recovery Process
• Overtraining is very difficult to define.
• Recognising that during intense training
appropriate recovery periods must be
available (Kellmann, 2002).
• Not simply “less is more”, but must be
individually tailored.
Stress and Homeostasis
• Stress can be seen as a destabilisation or deviation
from the norm in a biological and/or psychological
system.
• Seen as an external influence or impact.
• This prompts individualised cognitive (thought)
appraisals:
“Can I cope?”
“Stress makes cowards of us all.” (Lombardi, 1959)
Task!!!
• How can you tell someone isn’t coping?
• Write down as many examples as you can
think of…
– to be followed up in seminars (next week!)
Stress and Homeostasis
Stress responses:
• Fatigue
• Emotion and Mood
– Anxiety, anger,
frustration, despair,
sadness
• Low Self-efficacy
• Increased CNS activity
• Hormonal
• Cellular / physical
• Changes in immune
system.
• Behavioural
• Social factors
Fatigue indicates that functional capacities are decreasing, and
this is usually accompanied by feelings of discomfort.
Stress and Recovery
• Recovery must take into account the resources
needed to cope, and thus the strength of the
person to be able to deal with the pressure.
• The intensity, duration, distribution over time and
nature of stress determines the recovery rate for an
individual.
• Recovery = active reestablishment of initial
homeostatic balance after stress
(cellular/psychological).
• This is both gradual and cumulative.
Developing Coping
The role of awareness:
• Careful to recognise responses
• Encourage willingness to reflect on all
aspects of performance.
• Acceptance of strengths, weaknesses, and
realistic performance goals.
• Debriefing – summarising resources/situation
• Determining a need for change (motivation).
• Goal setting
IZOF Modelling
• Performance emotions as indicators of optimal
recovery states.
• The IZOF is used as an individualised
retrospective report which may indicate levels
of recovery.
Summary
• Optimal performance is only possible if
optimal recovery processes are permitted.
• This must be considered on an
individualised, psychobiosocial level.