Transcript Colonization of Africa

th
19
Century
• Beginning in the early 19th Century,
Europeans aggressively tried to
establish colonies in Africa.
• European civilization experienced a
period of unprecedented rapid
expansion around the globe during the
last third of the nineteenth century,
restructuring the African continent and
changing all aspects of life.
•Colonialism practice of forced control of
one nation by another nation.
•Colony is when a nation establishes a
government under its rule in a foreign
territory.
•Imperialism philosophy of empire
building by taking over other countries’
government’s trade, and culture in the
name of expansion & power.
 Africa was one country, not a collection of independent states.
 African society was not organized nor advanced socially or
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technologically.
Africans were little more than uncivilized barbarians .
Africans were non-religious heathens.
There was no social structure to pre-colonial African society.
Colonization was for the good of the Africans and the continent as a
whole.
Africa on the whole was an uninhabited, inhospitable place.
The “taking” of Africa was going to be an easy process with few
consequences for Europeans.
 Great Britain
 France
 Portugal
 Belgium
 Germany
 In addition to these,
there were Spain, Italy
and the Netherlands.
 Despite Europeans involvement
in the Transatlantic slave trade,
Europeans usually relied on
Africans to trade slaves instead
of colonizing the continent.
 By the 1880s every major nation
in the world had abolished the
institution of slavery.
 During this time, Europeans
found a new interest in Africa,
viewing it as a continent of vast
wealth.
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Colonies provided Europe with
strategic military and economic
advantages.
Open up new trading markets
for European goods.
Europe received minerals and
other natural resources
(diamonds, gold, cotton, ivory,
and rubber) which fed
industrialization.
Spread Christianity throughout
the continent.
Europeans had access to cheap
labor.
 European powers had to fight
against rebellions.
 Colonial rule in many places,
especially the Congo, was morally
nauseating.
Berlin Conference
(1884):
European countries
decided they could claim
African colonies just by
setting up government
offices in African
territory.
This set off a Great
Scramble as Europeans
rushed to colonize
Africa.
The Berlin Conference
The Berlin Conference was Africa's
undoing in more ways than one:
•During the 19th century, colonial
countries superimposed or forced their
powers on the African continent,
leading to strife and unrest.
•By the time independence returned to
Africa in the 1950s, Africa had
developed a condition or custom of
political division that could not be
eliminated without significant strife on
the part of the African peoples.
Negative Effects for Africa
•Land was confiscated for farms for the European
colonies.
•African tribes lost control of their own countries.
•Wars, revolts, and protests were common.
•Conflicts broke out between tribes that were
once friendly.
•Starvation and disease became widespread.
•“NEW BORDERS” were drawn that separated
families and tribes.
Positive Effects for Africa
 Schools and hospitals built.
 Economy was improved by new governments.
 Roads and railroads were built.
 Health was improved (medicine, hospitals, etc…)
 Berlin Conference set a specific date for the end of
the slave trade.
 New technology elevated the standard of living.
Imperialism has been interpreted from a variety of
viewpoints. The following documents express various
viewpoints about the positive and negative effects of
European imperialism.
Task: Evaluate both the positive and negative effects
of imperialism by answering the question pertaining
to each source.
Document 1: O.P. Austin, "Does Colonization Pay" The
Forum, 1900
"Modern progressive nations lying in the temperate zone seek
to control garden spots’ in the tropics. [mainly in Africa, Latin
America, and Asia] Under [the progressive nations] direction,
these places can yield tropical produce. In return, the
progressive nations bring to the people of those garden spots
the foodstuffs and manufactures they need. [Progressive
nations] develop the territory by building roads, canals,
railways, and telegraphs. They can establish schools and
newspapers for the colonies [and] give these people the
benefit of other blessings of civilization which they have not the
means of creating themselves."
1. According to the author, what benefits did the colonies
receive from the "modern progressive nations"?
Document 2
"Learning civilized ways is hard work"
2. What did colonization mean for the native people?
Document 3: Imperialism and World Politics, Parker T. Moore,
1926
"To begin with, there are the exporters and manufacturers of certain goods
used in the colonies. The makers of cotton and iron goods have been very
much interested in imperialism. Their business interests demand that colonial
markets should be opened and developed and that foreign competitors should
be shut out. Such aims require political control and imperialism.
Finally, the most powerful of all business groups are the bankers. Banks make
loans to colonies and backward countries for building railways and steamship
lines. They also make loans to colonial plantation owners, importers, and
exporters.
The imperialist business interests have powerful allies. Military and naval
leaders believe strongly in extending the white man’s rule over the ‘inferior
races,’ To this company may be added another element—the missionary.
Missionaries went forth to preach a kingdom beyond this world. But they often
found themselves the builders of very earthly empires. . . . Last, but by no
means least, let us add politicians to our list of empire builders.“
3. Who are the empire builders described in this passage?
Document 4: African proverb
"When the whites came to our
country, we had the land and they
had the Bible, now we have the
Bible and they have the land.“
4. How did the Africans feel about the
missionaries?
Document 5: An Anthology of West African Verse,
David Diop, 1957
The White Man killed my father,
My father was proud.
The White Man seduced my mother,
My mother was beautiful.
The White Man burnt my brother beneath the
noonday sun,
My brother was strong.
His hands red with black blood
The White Man turned to me;
And in the Conqueror’s voice said,
"Boy! a chair, a napkin, a drink.
5. What were some negative effects of imperialism
on Africa?
Document 6
This German cartoon, published in the early 20th
century, is entitled "Thus colonize the English."
6. What is the point of view of this cartoonist about
European imperialism?
Document 7
"Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us
of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and
convince us that our civilization was nothing less than
savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being
branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . .
The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies
into their own economy.
Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw
material and they, together with its potential sources of
power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ."
Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962
7. In 1962, what was the response of this West African
nationalist to years of colonialism?
John Bull
Kaiser Wilhelm II
Uncle Sam
“War” by Bob
Marley
Haile Selassie
1936
“That until the philosophy which holds one race superior and another inferior is
finally and permanently discredited and abandoned:
That until there are no longer first-class and second class citizens of any nation;
That until the color of a man's skin is of no more significance than the color of his
eyes;
That until the basic human rights are equally guaranteed to all without regard to
race;
That until that day, the dream of lasting peace and world citizenship and the rule of
international morality will remain but a fleeting illusion, to be pursued but never
attained…”
“And until the ignoble and unhappy regimes that hold our brothers in Angola, in
Mozambique and in South Africa in subhuman bondage have been toppled and
destroyed…
Until that day, the African continent will not know peace.
We Africans will fight, if necessary, and we know that we shall win, as we are
confident in the victory of good over evil.”