Transcript Knowledge transfer to and from Cardiff… S A Brains Cardiff.jpg

Research alliances in East Asia:
Cross-border knowledge transfer
and cluster formation
Fumi Kitagawa
CIRCLE(Centre for Innovation, Research and Competence in
the Learning Economy)
Lund University
21 November, Cardiff University
S A Brains
Cardiff.jpg
Cardiff University
Öresund Bridge
EUI
2
Cluster Development and Knowledge Transfer :
Higher Education Institutions and Regional Innovation
• PhD thesis, 2004 The University of Birmingham,
HEIs and Regional Innovation policies in English Regions
• European Forum, “The role of universities in the Innovation
Systems” (2005)
• Regionalisation of Science and Innovation policies, and
Cluster policies in Japan
• Transnational R&D networks in East Asia
• OECD, Supporting the role of HEIs in regional development
(South Korea and Canada, 2005-2007)
• Research pooling in Scotland (to be published in EPS, 2009)
• UK-Japan science linkages, internationalisation of HEIs
Background of research topic
New geography of knowledge collaboration
- Growing mobilty of human capital (e.g. Saxenian, 2006)
- Growing internationalisation of R&D (Reddy, 2000, Edler, 2008)
- Increasing technology & knowledge production in emerging
economies in East Asia and East Asian Production Networks
(Ernst, 2004)
Different models of Knowledge Transfer (triple helix
linkages) and Cluster Development?
- What is the role of national and regional policies?
- Regional Innovation Systems : Institutional, Structural as well
as human factors and serendipity
Topics of the presentation
• Historical evolution of research alliances in different national
innovation systems in East Asia
• Evolving Triple helix linkages and Cluster Development in East
Asia: Inter-organisational and regional learning?
• Multi-national enterprises (MNEs) and Universities: Strategic
governance of science and innovation at sub-national level
• Cross-border perspectives and Future research agendas
Global Geography of
Sceince and Innovation
• a growing tendency for innovation to be
created within global networks of firms and
research organizations (Reddy, 2000)
• internationalisation in R&D is growing, shifting
the ‘geography of science and innovation’ to
the Far East (Edler, 2008)
Research alliances for Knowledge Transfer
in time and space
• Different types and motives of ‘cross-boundary research
alliances’ (e.g. between firms, between university and firm,
between government laboratory and firm)
• From linear model of university-industry linkages to
‘multifaceted relationships’ (Bercovitz and Feldman, 2007)
between firms and universities
• From ‘Government-led large co-operative R&D’ (e.g.
Sakakibara, 1997) for catching-up and diffusing technology To
an ‘alliance-driven model’ (Birch, 2008) of the knowledgebased sectors e.g. life sciences (Cooke, 2004)
• Cluster policies and multi-scalar (local, national and
international) linkages in innovation processes
‘Cross-boundary research alliances’
Industry-oriented COEs in Japan
This part was prepared in collaboration with Mr. Lennart Stenberg
• Combining Business approach and academic approach to Innovation policy
• 21 Innovation Centres for Fusion of Advanced Technologies supported
with funds from the Special Coordination Funds for Promotion of Science
and Technology since its start in 2007;
c.f. Swedish equivalent - Vinn Excellence Programme
• Unique combination of scientific disciplines and applications organized
under some innovative concept , plus the competence and technology of
the partner companies (200 firms) e.g. Fujitsu, Olympus and Shimadzu,
Hitachi, Toyota and Pentax…and local firms
• Diversification efforts by large non-life science companies: Many Japanese
firms develop new life science related business each starting from the
technology base they have built up in their existing businesses. E.g. Canon,
Fuji Film, Olympus, Pentax, Toray, Nitto Denko and Dai Nippon Printing
Innovation Center Okayama for Nanobio-targeted
Therapy, Okayama University
http://www.bs-network.com/nanobio/english/mainpage/researche.htm
East Asian ‘regionalization’:
Competition and collaboration
• East Asian ‘regionalization’ - ‘competition between distinct
national business models’ (Ernst, 2004) is no longer a
distinctive feature
• firms of diverse nationality compete and collaborate within
‘multi-layered global networks of networks’ of marketing,
production and innovation (Ernst, 2004)
• While competition is intensifying among East Asia’s economic
agglomerations, inter-linkages between these regions are also
growing (Kitagawa, 2005).
Launch your business in Fukuoka and
lead the world market!
http://www.investfk.jp/industry_02.html
•
Semiconductors and Semiconductor Design
•
According to World Semiconductor Trade
Statistics (WSTS), the global semiconductor
market in 2005 reached a record high of
USD 227.5 billion, and is expected to exceed
USD 245 billion in 2006. The Silicon Sea Belt
Zone – the semiconductor belt zone in Asia
ranging from South Korea to Kyushu,
Shanghai, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore
– which includes Fukuoka Prefecture, is
responsible for nearly 50% of all
semiconductors produced globally, and this
growth is expected to continue.
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Sony LSI Design Inc. Logic Research Co., Ltd. JM
Technology Inc. Aldete Corporation
•
Semiconductor Technology Marketing (STM)
•
Institute of System LSI Design Industry, Fukuoka
Success factors of Cluster policies and academic
entrepreneurship? : ideas from Fukuoka/Japan
From Coal Mining Region to Asian Hub of Semi Conductors and Environmental
Technology
(1) The presence and proximity of leading companies in the leading technology area is matched
with entrepreneurial individuals who have acted as nodal points connecting firms, local
governments and academic sector synthesizing provisions and projects at multiple levels.
(2) Concentration of research universities supplemented by international research institutes and
new training provisions provide the region with human resources and professional skills
which serve as prime regional assets.
(3) Regional and prefectural government and support organizations consider creating further
incentives to attract large R&D firms as well as encouraging venture capital firms which
supplement the activities of large firms.
(4) Firms and universities are collaborating across prefectures through and beyond region-wide
innovation support organizations and networks.
(5) A big city provides research capacity for the whole region linking Asian and international
markets and networks, attracting talent and skills from overseas through the human and
institutional inter-linkages.
Sustainability of cluster policies and academic entrepreneurship?
: evidences from Japan
• Strong concentration on development of new technology and on universityindustry links
• Vertical sectionalism: Weak combination between industrial, regional,
science and education policies (Mitsui 2003); and weak integration of cluster
efforts with other regional initiatives to upgrade education, training, finance
and other necessary elements (SHAPIRA, 2008).
• Many university spin-out firms have close links with local industry (Nakayama
et al 2005);
• But financed by public sources (KNELLER 2007); with the low presence of
venture capital in Japan, which is the second lowest in the OECD countries
(OECD 2007)
• Clusters as ‘small world networks’ and research intensive universities and
core firms serve as ‘connector hub’ (Sakata, et al.2006);
• Kosetsushi Centre are important for local industry and SMEs; Limited
financial autonomy of local authorities.
• Appropriate levels of skills and partnerships and alliances among
government, universities and the private sector needed.
Broad comparative perspectives to East
Asian national/regional innovation systems
Evolving Policies: Triple helix linkages and Cluster
Development in East Asia
• From Technopolis policy to Cluster policies in Japan
• Various forms of HE reforms (Japan, Korea, Taiwan,
China), reforms of government research institutes
• Research universities as part of National Innovation
and Regional Innovation Capacity : city-region
development
(e.g. Shanghai - Wu, W. 2007; Beijing and Schenzhen -Chun and Kenny
2007; Korea-Sohn and Kenny, 2007; Taiwan- Matthews and Hu, 2007;
Singapore – Wong et al. 2007; Japan-Kitagawa and Woolgar, 2008)
National Science strategies and
Balanced regional development
Japan
2001 Knowledge Cluster Industrial Cluster initiatives
2006-2010 3rd Science Basic Plan
Regional Innovation Systems
Council for S&T Policy
(CSTP)
21st Century Centres of
Excellence
South Korea
2003 Balanced National and Regional Development
Regional Innovation Systems
NURI (New University for Regional Innovation)
Brain Korea 21
China
2006 11th National 5year Guidance, Issues of balanced
development;
Regional Innovation Systems
863 plan (80s)
Torch program (1988- )
53 high tech zones
Reforms in Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS)
Knowledge innovation
program (2001-)
211, 985 1st , 2nd phase
Establishing over 40 economic and technical zones to
attract foreign high-tech FDIs; Helping MNCs to
establish R&D center
Inter-organisational and regional learning processes
Research alliances and Role of National/Regional Policy as
Agents of knowledge transfer?
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Taiwan – Developing local technological capabilities - SMEs,
ITRI and ERSO (Dodgson et al 2006); VCs, brain circulation
between Hsinchu and Silicon Valley (Saxenian, 2000) and
mainland China
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Singapore –Big science initiatives, National Research
Foundation (NRF) , A*Star; attraction of foreign talents and
institutes (Olds, 2007)
- Daejon/Korea – KAIST, high tech amalgamation and
entrepreneurship (Shin, 2001 Sung et al, 2003). C.f. R&D
concentration in Seoul.
MNEs and Academic Capabilities:
Spatial dynamics in China
• 750 R&D centres with foreign investment in China in big cities
(e.g. Beijing, Shanghaim Guanzhou and Shenzen) in 2005
• ”re-integration (R&D with production sales) and
re-agglomeration (spatially close to each other)” in the
Beijing-Tianjin city-region (Chen and Vang, 2008)
• Competition for talents in Beijing and Shanghai and
Decentralising efforts in collaboration with the top universities
in the regions (Chen and Vang, 2008)
• localisation of the MNC R&D centres (Chen, 2006)
• Intra-country spatial dynamics (Chen and Vang, 2008)
• Building RIS with Universities and MNEs (Wu, W, 2007; Chen, K,
and Kenny, 2007) and the importance of local officials (Segal,
2003)
Source: Sigurdson (2004) Regional Innovation Systems (RIS) in China, Working
Paper 195.
Strategic roles of sub-national Governance of Science
and Innovaiton
– policy and funding implications
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Building technological platform
Venture capital and Financing Platform building
IPR protection and management e.g. IP pooling in Hsinchu/Taiwan
Building ‘academic capabilities’
University-industry research collaboration
Innovation parks and industry clusters
Human resource development and International Mobility
Builing Regional Networks
‘global industrial transfer’ (Zhou, 2006)
Macro-regulation and micro strategic coordination mechanism of central
and local government in innovation management (see Zhou, 2006)
• Inter and Intra regional disparities: National and regional resource
allocation and management
Future research agendas:
Cross-border reflections
• HEIs and RIS - Towards Evidence based policy?
e.g. UK - ESRC and funding councils: IMPACT initiative: Higher Education
Institutions to Regions
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Governance of International research alliances – e.g. EU Framework
programmes as tranasnational R&D networks – learning, knowledge
production and spatiality (see Paier and Scherngell, 2008; Scherngell and
Barbar, 2008)
• East Asian Production Network...Asianisation of industrial R&D ? and
internationalisation of public R&D?
• New Emerging Technologies?
• Globalisation and National/Regional Innovation Strategies.....
• Lessons for Wales?
Tack så mycket!/
Diolch yn fawr/
Thank you!
[email protected]