Transcript What percentage of students have a dominant learning style

CA #3 Review
The Rules
• You will be divided into groups of 3 or 4
• Each team will have a turn to answer a trivia
question
• If your group answers correctly, you will earn
points for that question
• If your group can’t answer the question or
answers incorrectly, your turn will be passed to
the next group
Every 3 nt in mRNA that codes
for an amino acid or is a start
or stop signal
Codon
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Mendel’s law = alleles for
different traits are inherited
independently of one another
Law of independent
assortment
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How do we write homozygous
dominant genotypes?
Homozygous recessive?
Heterozygous?
AA
aa
Aa
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Which of Mendel’s conclusions
explains how traits can
disappear and then reappear
between generations?
Law of
segregation (and rule
of dominance)
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What is a gene?
Segment of DNA
that codes for
protein
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What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix
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DNA is polymer made up of
monomers called ________?
Nucleotides
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What are the base pairing
rules for DNA?
A=T
G=C
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In DNA replication, what
enzyme is needed to unwind
DNA?
DNA helicase
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DNA polymerase READS in
what direction?
3’ to 5’
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Which 2 bases are purines?
A and G
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If a tRNA anticodon reads
GCU, what is the mRNA
codon?
CGA
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What do we call changes in
the nucleotide sequence of
DNA?
Mutations
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What is the central concept of
genetics?
DNA to RNA to
protein
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A gene that codes for
resistance to a herbicide has
been added to the genome of
a plant. What will happen?
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Plants won’t die
when herbicide is
sprayed
Where does transcription
occur?
Nucleus
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What enzyme is primarily
responsible for transcription?
RNA polymerase
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True or False: Transferring
normal human genes into
human cells that lack them is
impossible.
False
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Which type of RNA makes up
the ribosome?
rRNA
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Which type of RNA carries
instructions for making a
protein?
mRNA
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How is pre-mRNA processed
into mRNA?
Capping and
splicing
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The codon AUG codes for
what amino acid?
Methionine
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B = black fur, b = white fur.
Give F1 genotype from
crossing two heterozygous
black bears.
1/4 BB
2/4 Bb
1/4 bb
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True or False? The next amino
acid being added to a growing
polypeptide chain is attached
to a tRNA in the A site.
True
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Name two traits that Mendel
was observing in his pea
plants.
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Plant height
Flower position
Pod color
Pod appearance
Seed texture
Seed color
Flower color
What type of organism was
Mendel working with?
Pea plants
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Predicting genetic outcomes is
based on ________ (or the
likelihood that an event will
occur).
Probability
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What’s the difference between
a genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = genetic
makeup
Phenotype = appearance
or expression of trait
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As a sample size increases,
what happens to the percent
deviation?
Decreases
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What are the 3 parts of a
nucleotide?
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Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogenous base
True or False? In codominance
the phenotype is a blending in
heterozygotes
False
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Two or more alternative forms
of a gene is called an ______.
(Hint: Mendel called them
factors)
Allele
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What enzyme is primarily
responsible for DNA
replication?
DNA polymerase
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What is a pure (or truebreeding) plant?
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Always produce
offspring with
specific trait when
self-pollinated
True or False? Punnett
squares predict exactly what
we will see.
False
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In a testcross, always cross
the unknown organism with
an organism whose genotype
is _________.
Homozygous
recessive
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Amino acids are joined with
what type of bond?
Peptide
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This type of RNA binds to
amino acids and carries them
to the ribosome.
tRNA
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What is the difference
between a monohybrid and
dihyrid?
Monohybrid = 1 trait
Dihybrid = 2 traits
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What are the short segments
of DNA made in our lagging
strand called?
Okazaki
fragments
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Each new DNA molecule is
half the original molecule and
half a new strand.
Semi-conservative
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Diagram used to predict
probable outcomes of
inherited traits in offspring
Punnett square
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Y shaped region that results
when two strands of DNA
separate.
Replication fork
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Name 2 things that can cause
errors in DNA replication.
UV radiation
Random
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Where does translation occur?
Ribosome
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Give the complementary
strand for this portion of DNA:
CCTAGCT
GGATCGA
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What is it called when several
ribosomes translate one
mRNA at the same time?
Polysome
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What is genetic engineering?
Process of altering
genetic material
of cells or organisms
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If a DNA template strand
reads TAG, what is the mRNA
codon?
AUC
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How did Mendel obtain his F1
generation?
Crossed 2 of his
P1 plants
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What is the importance of
these three codons: UAA,
UAG, UGA?
Stop codons
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How many codons are there?
64
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What is the direct result of
transcription in eukaryotes?
pre-mRNA
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What is a promoter?
Base sequence that
signals start of
transcription
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What type of bond holds DNA
bases together?
Hydrogen
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What makes up the backbone
of DNA?
Alternating
deoxyribose sugar
and phosphate
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What sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
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Who discovered the shape of
DNA?
Watson and Crick
w/ help from Wilkins
and Franklin
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What does anitparallel mean?
DNA strands
parallel, but running
in opposite directions
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True or False? DNA replication
on the lagging strand is
continuous.
False
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How accurate is DNA
replication?
Errors occur 1 in
every billion
base pairs
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True or False? DNA replication
on the lagging strand is
continuous.
False
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This is the most abundant
form of RNA.
rRNA
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Name one agricultural
application of genetic
engineering.
Answers
will vary
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After mRNA leaves the
nucleus, where does it go?
Ribosome
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True or False? Several codons
can code for the same amino
acid.
True
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What direction does
translation occur?
5’ to 3’
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Method of cloning whole
organisms.
SCNT
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What type of organism did
Morgan work with?
Fruit flies
(Drosophila)
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What is the difference
between autosomes and sex
chromosomes?
Sex chromosomes
determine sex
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How many binding sites are
on a ribosome?
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3 (P site, A site,
mRNA binding
site)
What does the SRY gene do?
Codes for protein
that causes gonads to
develop as testes
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What is a lethal mutation?
One that causes
death
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What happens in a
chromosomal inversion?
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Segment of
chromosome breaks
off, flips over,
reattaches
Name one type of
chromosomal mutation.
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Deletion
Inversion
Translocation
Nondisjunction
What is a point mutation?
Involves a single
nucleotide
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Which two types of point
mutations can cause a
frameshift?
Insertion and
deletion
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How do restriction enzymes
work?
Make cuts in DNA
at specific base
sequences
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What happens to the gametes
if nondisjunction occurs during
meiosis?
Some will have extra
chromosomes, some
will have less
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If a trait is sex-linked, who
generally expresses the trait?
Males
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Name one trait in humans that
is caused by polygenic
inheritance.
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Skin color
Hair color
Height
Eye color
Which type of pattern of
inheritance follows a bell
curve?
Polygenic
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Name one trait in humans that
is controlled by multiple
alleles.
ABO blood
groups
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What is a silent mutation?
Mutation that does
not effect protein
product
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Most human traits follow what
type of pattern of inheritance?
Polygenic
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True or False? All mutations
are harmful.
False
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Is it possible for a person with
type AB blood and a person
with type O blood to have a
child with O blood?
No
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How can a person with type B
blood and person with type A
blood produce a child with
type O blood?
Both parents
heterozygous
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If 2 genes are close together
what will most likely happen
during crossing over?
They will cross
over
together
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Give F1 phenotypes for a
cross between homozygous
white-eyed female fruit fly and
red-eyed male.
1/2 female, red
1/2 male, white
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What does the term
hemizygous refer to?
Possible genotype
for males in
X-linked problems
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Name one way to detect
genetic diseases in a fetus.
Ultrasound
Chorionic villi
Amniocentesis
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How do we show affected
individuals in a pedigree?
Shade in box
or circle
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Where are restriction enzymes
naturally found?
In bacteria
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What is the difference
between a sticky end and a
blunt end?
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Sticky = overhangs
of DNA
Blunt = no overhang,
clean cut
What is a plasmid?
Circular piece of
DNA found in
bacteria
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Process of breeding plants or
animals for certain traits.
Selective
breeding
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Name one medical application
of genetic engineering.
Answers
will vary
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What is a vector?
Something that
carries rDNA into
a cell
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Name one concern people
have with genetic engineering.
Answers
will vary
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What is a superweed?
GM crop that gets
out into wild
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