Transcript Mendelian Inheritance

Chapter 7: Mendelian Inheritance
Family resemblance: how traits are inherited
Lectures by Mark Manteuffel, St. Louis Community College; Clicker Questions by Kristen Curran, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater
7.1 Family resemblance: your mother
and father contribute equally to your
genetic makeup.
How can a single bad gene make
you smell like a rotten fish?
Take-home message 7.1
 Offspring
resemble their parents because
they inherit genes from their parents.
 Genes
are instruction sets for biochemical,
physical, and behavioral traits.
7.2 Some traits are controlled
by a single gene.
 Heredity
• the passing of characteristics from parent to
offspring through their genes
Selective Breeding: Observing Heredity
Are any human traits
determined by a single gene?
Traits that are determined by the
instructions a person carries at one
gene are called single-gene traits.
Take-home message 7.2
 More
than 9,000 human traits are
determined by a single gene.
7.3 Mendel learned about heredity
by conducting experiments.
True-Breeding
Mendel figured out the rules of genetics by
working with pea plants. Why were these
plants a good tool for Mendel to use to
answer his questions about inheritance?
1. Individual plants could be self-fertilized or
cross-fertilized with other individuals.
2. They grew quickly (short generation time).
3. Clearly defined traits (yellow vs. green) were
observed.
4. All of the above.
Take-home message 7.3
 In
the mid-1800s, Gregor Mendel
conducted studies that helped us
understand how traits are inherited.
Take-home message 7.3
 Gregor
Mendel used the scientific method
carefully.
 He
focused on easily observed and
categorized traits in garden peas.
7.4 Segregation: you’ve got two
copies of each gene but put only
one copy in each sperm or egg.
A
dominant trait
masks the effect
of a recessive
trait.
Three Ideas Mendel Used for
Explaining This Pattern of
Inheritance
1) Each parent puts into every sperm or
egg it makes a single set of instructions
for building the trait.
Three Ideas Mendel Used for
Explaining This Pattern of
Inheritance
2) Offspring thus find themselves with two
copies of the instructions for any trait
(called alleles).
Three Ideas Mendel Used for
Explaining This Pattern of
Inheritance
3) The actual trait produced by an
individual depends on the two copies of
the gene that they inherit from their
parents.
• homozygous and heterozygous
Which example is the genotype
of a true-breeding plant?
1. Two copies of the purple allele
2. Two copies of the white allele
3. One copy of the purple and one copy
of the white allele.
4. 1 and 2
5. All of the above
Which answer below is an
example of a heterozygous
plant?
1. Two copies of the purple allele
2. Two copies of the white allele
3. One copy of the purple allele and one
copy of the white allele
4. 1 and 2
5. All of the above
Take-home message 7.4
 Each
parent puts a single set of
instructions for a particular trait into every
sperm or egg.
 The
 The
instruction set is called a gene.
trait observed in an individual
depends on the two copies (alleles) of the
gene it inherits from its parents.
7.5 Observing an individual’s
phenotype is not sufficient
for determining its genotype.
Phenotypes and Genotypes
 The
outward appearance of an individual
is called their phenotype.
 Underlying
genotype.
the phenotype is the
• This is an organism’s genetic composition.
Genotypes
 Homozygous
dominant
 Heterozygous
How do we analyze and predict the
outcome of crosses?
 Assign
symbols to represent the different
variants of a gene.
 Generally
we use an uppercase letter for
the dominant allele and lowercase for the
recessive allele.
A flower that is heterozygous for the purple
gene (Purple “P” is dominant over white “p”)
has what phenotype and genotype,
respectively?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Purple; PP
Purple; pp
White; Pp
White; pp
Purple; Pp
Take-home message 7.5
 It
is not always possible to determine an
individual’s genotype from its phenotype.
A
recessive allele’s effects may be masked
by a dominant allele.
 Genetic
analysis makes use of clever
experiments and Punnett squares.
Probability
a central
role in
7.6
Chance ishas
important
in genetics.
genetics for two reasons:
 The
 The
first is a consequence of segregation.
second reason is that fertilization, too,
is a chance event.
Probabilities
 Any
gamete produced by an individual
heterozygous for a trait has a 50%
probability of carrying the dominant allele
and a 50% probability of carrying the
recessive allele.
Probabilities
a male is heterozygous for albinism (Aa)
and a female is homozygous for albinism
(aa), what is the probability that their child
will be homozygous for albinism (aa)?
 If
If an albino woman marries a man that is
heterozygous for albinism, what is the
probability that they will have an albino
child?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Take-home message 7.6
 Probability
plays a central role in genetics.
 In
segregation, each gamete receives only
one of the two copies of each gene.
 It
is impossible to know which allele goes
into which gamete.
Take-home message 7.6
 Chance
plays a role in fertilization too.
 All
of an individual’s sperm or eggs are
different.
 Any
of these gametes may be the gamete
involved in fertilization.
Classroom Catalyst
Human Genetics
If you are unable to roll your
tongue, what is your genotype?
1.
2.
3.
4.
RR
Rr
rr
1 or 2
If you have free earlobes, what
is your genotype?
1.
2.
3.
4.
EE
Ee
ee
1 or 2
7.7 A test-cross enables us to
figure out which alleles an
individual carries.
You would like to produce white alligators via a
mating program.
 The problem is that you cannot be certain of the
genotype of your alligators.

They might be homozygous dominant, MM, or they
might be heterozygous, Mm.
 In either case their phenotype is normal coloration.
 How can you figure out which of these two
possibilities is the actual genotype?

You mate a pigmented male alligator to a
female albino alligator. The clutch of baby
alligators includes both pigmented and
albino individuals. What is the genotype of
the father?
1.
2.
3.
4.
MM
Mm
mm
1 and 2 are equally possible.
Take-home message 7.7
 In
a test-cross, an individual with a
dominant phenotype and an unknown
genotype is mated with a homozygous
recessive individual.
 The
phenotypes of the offspring reveal the
unknown genotype.
7.8 Using pedigrees to
decipher and predict the
inheritance patterns of genes.
Pedigree: a type of family tree
Analyzing Which Individuals Manifest
the Trait and Which Do Not
Sex-Linked Traits
A Trait’s Mode of Inheritance Is Not
Always Completely Obvious
 complete
 the
dominance or…
influence of the environment
Why do breeders value
“pedigreed” horses and dogs
so much?
What is the genotype of the
paternal grandmother?
1. Homozygous
recessive
2. Heterozygous
3. Homozygous
dominant
4. Cannot be
determined
What is the probability that you
(“Me” in the diagram) will be a
carrier for this disease?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
1/4
1/3
1/2
2/3
3/4
Take-home message 7.8
 Pedigrees
help scientists, doctors, animal
and plant breeders, and prospective
parents determine:
• the genes that individuals carry
• the genes that their offspring will likely carry
7.9 Incomplete dominance and
codominance: the effects of both
alleles in a genotype can show up in
the phenotype.
Incomplete dominance, in which the
heterozygote appears to be intermediate
between the two homozygotes.
Codominance, in which the heterozygote
displays characteristics of both homozygotes.
The gene for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ADH)
is incompletely dominant. A woman who is
heterozygous for this gene (ADH+/ADH)
marries a man who is homozygous for the
normal allele (ADH+/ ADH+). What is the
probability that they will have heterozygous
children?
1.
2.
3.
4.
1/4
1/2
3/4
2/3
Take-home message 7.9
 Sometimes
the effects of both alleles in a
heterozygous genotype are visible.
 Incomplete
dominance—a heterozygote
displays a characteristic somewhere
between the characteristics of the two
homozygotes.
 Codominance—a
heterozygote displays
characteristics of both homozygotes.
7.10 What’s your blood type?
Some genes may have more
than two alleles.
Multiple Allelism
 in
which a single gene has more than two
alleles
 each
individual still carries only two alleles
Inheritance of the ABO Blood
Groups

A, B, and O alleles

The A and B alleles are both completely
dominant to O.

The A and B alleles are codominant to each
other.

Individuals can be one of four different blood
types: A, B, AB, and O.
Why are people with type O blood considered
“universal donors”? Why are those with type AB
considered “universal acceptors”?
An individual with type O blood marries an
individual with type AB blood. Which of the
following would not be a possible offspring
blood type?
1.
2.
3.
4.
A
B
O
All of the above are
possible.
Take-home message 7.10
 In
multiple allelism, a single gene has
more than two alleles.
 Each
individual still only carries two
alleles, but more alleles occur in the
population.
 This
is the case for the ABO blood groups
in humans.
7.11 Multi-gene Traits
How are continuously varying traits
such as height influenced by genes?
Polygenic Trait
A
trait that is influenced by many different
genes
Additive Effects
what happens when the effects of alleles
from multiple genes all contribute to the
ultimate phenotype
Why might computer nerds
be more likely to have
autistic children?
Take-home message 7.11
 Many
traits, including continuously varying
traits such as height, eye color, and skin
color, are influenced by multiple genes.
7.12 Pleiotropy: How can one
gene influence multiple traits?
What is the benefit of “almost”
having sickle cell disease?
The SRY Gene
 “Sex-determining
chromosome”
Region on the Y-
 Causes
fetal gonads to develop as testes
shortly after fertilization.
 Following
the gonads’ secretion of
testosterone, other developmental changes
also occur.
Take-home message 7.12
 In
pleiotropy, one gene influences multiple
unrelated traits.
 Most,
if not all, genes may be pleiotropic.
7.13 Why are more men
than women color-blind?
Sex-linked traits differ in their
patterns of expression in males
and females.
If a man is color-blind, did he
inherit this condition from his
mother, his father, or both
parents?
If a male is colorblind, from
whom did he inherit the
condition?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mother
Father
Grandfather
Aunt
In which example below will there
be a chance of a daughter being
colorblind?
1. A male who is colorblind marries a female
who is a carrier for colorblindness.
2. A male who has normal vision marries a
female who is a carrier for colorblindness.
3. A male who has normal vision marries a
female who is colorblind.
4. Choices 2 and 3 are correct.
Take-home message 7.13
 The
patterns of inheritance of most traits
do not differ between males and females.
 When
a trait is coded for by a gene on a
sex chromosome, such as color vision on
the X chromosome, the effects differ in
males and females.
7.14 Environmental
effects: identical twins are
not identical.
Drinking diet soda can be
deadly if you carry a
single bad gene.
What gene is it and why is
it so deadly?
Could you create a
temporarily spotted Siamese
cat with an ice pack?
Why?
Take-home message 7.14
 Genotypes
are not like blueprints that
specify phenotypes.
 Phenotypes
are a product of the genotype
in combination with the environment.
7-15. Most traits are passed on as
independent features: Mendel’s law
of independent assortment.
Take-home message 7.15
 Genes
 The
tend to behave independently.
inheritance pattern of one trait
doesn’t usually influence the inheritance of
any other trait.
7.16 Red Hair and Freckles
Genes on the same
chromosome are sometimes
inherited together.
Why do most redheads
have pale skin?
Linked genes: Genes on the
same chromosome, maybe even
right next to each other.
In which example below does
independent assortment not occur?
1. True-breeding red snap dragons crossed with
true-breeding white snap dragons yield 100%
pink offspring.
2. Two plants that are heterozygous for the purple
flower color allele yield offspring in the ratio of
approximately 3:1 (Purple: white).
3. A male who has normal vision marries a
woman who is a carrier for colorblindness.
They have a son who is colorblind.
4. Two genes are found in close proximity to each
other on the same chromosome.
Take-home message 7.16
 Sometimes,
having one trait, such as red
hair, influences the presence of another
trait, pale skin.
 This
is because the alleles for two genes
are inherited and expressed together
when they are close together on the same
chromosome.