Transcript www.okaloosaschools.com
Section 1 – History of the Periodic Table
Objectives: 1. Explore the scientific theory of atoms (also known as the atomic theory) by describing changes in the atomic model over time and why those changes were necessary based on new evidence. 2. Become familiar with the scientists that helped these changes come about. 3. Explore the differences between modern periodic table and the historic periodic tables.
• By 1860, more than
60
elements had been discovered. • Chemists had a hard time determining properties of the elements and compounds that the elements formed.
• They also had no accurate way to determine atomic mass or the number of atoms that made up an element, so each scientist used a different atomic mass – making it nearly impossible for one chemist to understand the results of another. • In 1860, chemists assembled at the First International Congress of Chemists in Germany to settle the issue of
atomic mass
.
•
Mendeleev and Chemical Periodicity:
Russian chemist
Dmitri Mendeleev
included the new values from the conference in a chemistry textbook that he was writing. • He hoped to organize the elements according to their
properties
.
• He did this by placing the elements on cards and arranged them according to atomic mass and properties, looking for trends. • He noticed that when the elements were arranged by increasing atomic mass, similarities in the chemical properties appeared at regular intervals – these patterns are
periodic
.
Brainstorming:
List 3 examples of phenomena that occur periodically: 1. 2. 3.
Brainstorming:
List 3 examples of phenomena that occur periodically: 1. Phases of the moon 2. Magazine Publications (monthly) 3. Tides (high tide & low tide) **Keep these examples in mind as we cover the arrangement of the elements on the periodic table**
•
Mendeleev and Chemical Periodicity Cont.:
Mendeleev created a table in which the elements were grouped together by similar properties – a periodic table of elements. • This table was published in 1869 and the properties were similar as you read table.
horizontally
across the • This procedure left many empty spaces, but he predicted that elements would be discovered and would fill those places - all three were discovered by 1886.
Moseley and the Periodic Law:
•
Moseley
was working with 38 different
metals
and discovered a pattern that was had not been recognized – elements fit better when they were arranged by increasing
nuclear charge
(# of protons in nucleus) • Moseley’s work led to: a. Modern definition of atomic number b. Recognition that atomic number – NOT atomic mass – is basis for organization of periodic table •
Periodic Law
– the physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers (# of protons).
Discovering the Periodic Table
Ancient Times 1894-1918 H Midd. -1700 1735-1843 1843-1886 1923-1961 1965 Li Be B C N O He F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989
11 Na 12 Mg 19 K 20 Ca 37 Rb 38 Sr 55 Cs 56 Ba 87 Fr 88 Ra 21 Sc 22 Ti 39 Y 41 Zr 57 La 72 Hf 89 Ac 104 Rf 23 V 41 Nb 24 Cr 42 Mo 25 Mn 43 Tc 26 Fe 44 Ru 27 Co 28 Ni 45 Rh 46 Pd 29 Cu 30 Zn 47 Ag 48 Cd 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 49 In 81 Tl
13 Al
14 Si
15 P
16 S
17 Cl 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 50 Sn 82 Pb 51 Sb 83 Bi 52 Te 53 I 84 Po 85 At
10 Ne 18 Ar 36 Kr 54 Xe 86 Rn 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 61 Pm 62 Sm 93 Np 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 69 Tm 70 Yb 101 Md 102 No 71 Lu 103 Lr Other Physical DATA
The Modern Periodic Table
Periodic table – an arrangement of the elements in order of their
atomic number
so that elements with similar properties fall in the same column or group. • The Noble Gases - 1894 Noble gases were the most significant addition to the periodic table. • John William Strutt and Sir William Ramsay discovered
Argon
– a gas in the atmosphere that had not been noticed because it is unreactive – and Helium – a component of the sun.
• Ramsey added a new group to the table to fit these gases.
Lanthanides/ Actinides – early 1900s • These are the 14 elements with atomic number from 58 to 71 (lanthanides) and 90 to 103 (actinides) that have very similar properties. • They are placed below the table to
save space
Dutch Periodic Table
113 114 115 116 117 118 112 111 110 109 108 107 106 Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743
Chinese Periodic Table
http://www.limestone.on.ca/ibuild/davies/chinesept.html
Stowe’s Periodic Table
Benfrey’s Periodic Table
developed by Mohd Abubakr, Hyderabad, India
Misconceptions:
- Something does not have to very uniformly to be periodic. It just has to have a similar pattern. - As you read through the articles, make sure you are aware that changes have been made the periodic table has been modified to fit new evidence.
• Group assignments: Individually read the two articles that you have been given.
• Once you have read the articles, please discuss them with your group members and create two charts on your bell ringer paper :
1. Venn Diagram:
• Compare historic periodic tables vs. the Modern Periodic table • The overlap will represent what has stayed the same.
2. Concept Map:
• Periodic Table is your Heading • Relate it to: • The scientists involved • Problems/predictions that occurred • Changes made over time
Groups for Assignment:
Group 1
1. Anna Ashley 2. Bobby Beeton 3. Kaylee Madere
Group 2
1. Kellie Fahy 2. Rachel Loughney 3. Nicholas White
Group 3:
1. Joey Winston 2. Madeline Mulder 3. Sierra Lloyd
Group 4
1. Zach Jowers 2. Matthew Holt 3. Chanteria Hamm
Group 5
1. Moriah Fobbs 2. Cody Frizzelle 3. Garret Siegel
Group 6
1. Noah Mobley 2. Edin McKuhen 3. Jonah Hooton
Group 7
1. Zachary Bradley 2. Sean Chancellor 3. Victoria Worley
Group 8
1. Spencer Carr 2. Brandon Castelin 3. Alex Hill 4. Nancy Tanner
Section 2 – Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table
Objectives: 1. Relate the properties of atoms and their position in the periodic table to the arrangement of their electrons. 2. The student will organize information to show understanding or relationships among facts, ideas, and events (representing key points within text through charting, mapping, paraphrasing, summarizing, comparing, contrasting, or outlining)
Groups of Elements
1A 1A
Alkali metals
5A
Nitrogen group
2A 6A
H Alkaline earth metals Oxygen group
7A 2A
Transition metals Halogens
1
Li Be
3A 4A
Boron group Carbon group
8A
Noble gases Hydrogen
3
Na
4
Mg Inner transition metals
8B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B 11
K
12
Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
19
Rb
20
Sr
21
Y
22
Zr
23
Nb
24
Mo
25
Tc
26
Ru
27
Rh
28
Pd
29
Ag
30
Cd
3A 4A
B C
5
Al
31
In
6
Si
13
Ga
14
Ge
32
Sn
8A
He
5A 6A 7A
N O F
2
Ne
7
P
15
As
33
Sb
8
S
16
Se
34
Te
9
Cl
17
Br
35
I
10
Ar
18
Kr
36
Xe
37
Cs
38
Ba
39 55
Fr
56
Ra
87 88 40
Hf
41
Ta
42
W
43
Re
44
Os
45
Ir
72
Rf
73
Db
74
Sg
75
Bh
76
Hs
77
Mt
104 105 106 107 108 109 46
Pt
47
Au
48
Hg
49
Tl
50
Pb
51
Bi
52
Po
53
At
54
Rn
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 * W
La
57
Ac
89
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
58
Th
90 59
Pa
91 60
U
92 61
Np
62
Pu
63
Am
64
Cm
65
Bk
66
Cf
67
Es
68
Fm
69
Md
70
No
71
Lr
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Groups of Elements
H He
1 IA 1
Li
3
Na
11
K
19
Rb
IIA 2
Be
IIIB 3 IVB 4 VB 5 4
Mg
12
Ca
20
Sr Sc
21
Y Ti
22
Zr V Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals Other metals Noble gases Cr Mn Fe
23
Nb
VIB VIIB 6 7 24
Mo
25
Tc
8 26
Ru
VIIIB 9 10
Halogens Other non-metals Lanthanides Actinides Co Ni
27
Rh
28
Pd
IB 11
Cu
29
Ag
IIB 12
Zn
30
Cd
IIIA 13
B
IVA 14
C
5
Al
13
Ga
14
Ge
15
As
31
In
6
Si
32
Sn
VA 15
N
7
P
33
Sb
2 VIA VIIA VIIIA 16 17 18
O F Ne
8
S
16
Se
34
Te
9
Cl
17
Br
35
I
10
Ar
18
Kr
36
Xe
37
Cs
38
Ba
39 55
Fr
56
Ra
87 88 40
Hf
41
Ta
42
W
43
Re
44
Os
45
Ir
72
Rf
73
Db
74
Sg
75
Bh
76
Hs
77
Mt
104 105 106 107 108 109 46
Pt
47
Au
48
Hg
49
Tl
50
Pb
51
Bi
52
Po
53
At
54
Rn
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 * W
La
57
Ac
89
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
58
Th
90 59
Pa
91 60
U
92 61
Np
62
Pu
63
Am
64
Cm
65
Bk
66
Cf
67
Es
68
Fm
69
Md
70
No
71
Lr
93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103