Transcript Slide 1

ID SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
An e-book by
Gary Parker
St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, Mississippi River at 3rd Avenue SE
Minneapolis MN 55414 USA
St. Anthony Falls Laboratory is a part of the University of Minnesota
Nile Delta, Egypt
NASA Image from Internet
Copper Creek Fan, Death Valley, USA
Image courtesy Roger Hooke
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1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Notes on the Use of this e-book
This e-book is a work in progress.
• The basic lectures on morphodynamics are presented in PowerPoint files.
• The lectures are illustrated with many Excel files, most of which illustrate the
principles of morphodynamics in terms of code in Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA). The code is embedded in Excel and is made freely
available to the user.
• Several Word files allow for extended explanation of the principles behind the
code in the Excel files.
• Video clips are used to illustrate various aspects of morphodynamics.
The PowerPoint, Excel and Word files, as well as the video clips (mpegs) are
gradually being uploaded to the following site: http://www.ce.umn.edu/~parker ,
where they are being made available for free.
The video clips must be downloaded to the same directory containing the
PowerPoint presentations if they are to run without relinking. In order to run the
code in VBA, it is necessary to set the Macro security level to no higher than
“medium” (from Excel, “Tools”, “Macro”, “Security…”; set to “medium”).
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1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Dedication
This e-book is dedicated to Mohammed Akram Gill, an outstanding
morphodynamicist who was forced to flee his university position in Africa due to
racial intolerance. Although the United States offered him and his family refuge
and a livelihood, it did not offer him a chance to continue employment at a
university or research institution.
Gill, M.A. 1988 Hyperbolic model for aggrading channels. Journal of Engineering
Mechanics 114(7): 1246-1255.
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1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Introduction
This e-book is about the morphodynamics of rivers and turbidity currents. In
particular, it is concerned with the application of the principles of hydraulics and
sediment transport to one-dimensional (1D) numerical modeling of the
morphodynamic evolution of such features as a) river deltas, b) incising bedrock
streams and c) evolution of submarine fans.
This e-book represents an attempt to write a “different” kind of technical book. The
basic material is presented in chapters written in PowerPoint. These chapters then
quote Excel files, which contain working software written in Visual Basic for
Applications. Some documentation for this software is provided in Word files.
Finally, several video clips are incorporated into the e-book.
This e-book has evolved from two courses that the author taught while on
sabbatical leave in 2002. “1D and Quasi-2D Numerical Modeling of Sediment
Morphodynamics,” was taught in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and
Planetary Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “Fundamentals of
Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics with Applications To Sedimentation 4
On Fluvial Fans And Fan-deltas,” was taught at Tokyo Institute of Technology.
1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Acknowledgements
This e-book represents a contribution to the research efforts of the National Center for
Earth-surface Dynamics, based at St. Anthony Falls Laboratory, University of
Minnesota, http://www.nced.umn.edu. NCED participants Bill Dietrich, David Mohrig and
Vaughan Voller contributed in various ways to the formulation and writing of the e-book.
The following people contributed in a substantial way to this e-book.
• Syunsuke Ikeda, with whom the author has exchanged numerous ideas concerning river
morphodynamics, and who invited the author to the Tokyo Institute of Technology to teach the
course “Fundamentals of Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics with Applications To
Sedimentation On Fluvial Fans And Fan-deltas.”
• Chris Paola, whose numerical modeling of the stratigraphy of subsiding basins helped
motivate the author’s interest in fluvial fans and fan-deltas.
• Waraporn Parker, my wife, who insisted that I should actually finish this book.
• Kelin Whipple, who worked together with the author on fan morphodynamics, and who
invited the author to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Crosby Lectureship to
teach the course “1D and Quasi-2D Numerical Modeling of Sediment Morphodynamics.”
In addition, the following of my (mostly former) graduate students and postdoctoral fellows
contributed to the work presented in this book: Yoshihisa Akamatsu, Alessandro Cantelli,
Yantao Cui, Phairot Chatanantavet, Jasim Imran, Norihiro Izumi, Svetlana Kostic, J.
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Wesley Lauer, Sun Tao, Horacio Toniolo, Miguel Wong.
1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Table of Contents
Part 1: 1D Sediment Transport
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Felix M. Exner and the Origins of River Morphodynamics
Characterization of Sediment and Grain Size Distributions
Bankfull Characteristics of Rivers
Relations for the Conservation of Bed Sediment
Review of 1D Open-Channel Hydraulics
Threshold of Motion and Suspension
Relations for 1D Bedload Transport
Fluvial Bedforms
Relations for Hydraulic Resistance in Rivers
Relations for the Entrainment and 1D Transport of Suspended Sediment
Sample Calculation for Bed Load, Suspended Load and Total Load
Bulk Relations for Transport of Total Bed Material Load
The Quasi-Steady Approximation
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1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Table of Contents
Part 2: Morphodynamics of Rivers
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
1D Aggradation and Degradation of Rivers: Normal Flow Assumption
Extension of 1D Model to Include Bank Erosion and Floodplain Deposition
Morphodynamics of Bedrock-Alluvial Transitions
Aggradation and Degradation of Rivers Transporting Gravel Mixtures
Mobile and Static Armor in Gravel-bed Streams
Effect of the Hydrograph on Morphology of Gravel-bed Streams
Aggradation and Degradation of Rivers: Backwater Formulation
Response of a Sand-bed River to a Dredge Slot
Morphodynamics of Recirculating and Sediment-Feed Flumes
Transportational Cyclic Steps
Approximate Formulation for Slope and Bankfull Geometry of Rivers
Long Profiles of Rivers, with an Application on the Effect of Base Level Rise on
Long Profiles
26. Rivers Flowing into Subsiding Basins: Upward Concavity of Long Profiles and
Downstream Fining
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27. Morphodynamics of Gravel-Sand Transitions
1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Table of Contents
Part 2: Morphodynamics of Rivers (contd.)
28.
29.
30.
31.
Tracers in Gravel-bed Streams
Knickpoint Migration in Bedrock Streams
Bedrock Incision due to Wear (Abrasion)
Erosional Narrowing and Widening of a Channel After Dam Removal
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1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Table of Contents
Part 3: Fluvial Fans and Fan-deltas
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Introduction to Fluvial Fans and Fan-deltas
Modeling of Fluvial Fans and Bajadas in Subsiding Basins
Morphodynamics of Rivers Ending In 1D Deltas
Rivers Ending in 1D Deltas Carrying Sediment Size Mixtures
Modeling of Rivers On 2D in Fan-deltas: Fixed-width Channel(s)
Modeling of Rivers On 2D in Fan-deltas: Self-formed Channel(s)
Response of Rivers with Deltas to Rising Base Level: The Muto Delta
Response of Rivers with Deltas to Rising Base Level: Field Application
Effect of Main-Stem Base Level Rise on a Tributary
Cellular Modeling of 2D Fan-deltas with Self-formed Channel(s)
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1D SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MORPHODYNAMICS
with applications to
RIVERS AND TURBIDITY CURRENTS
© Gary Parker November, 2004
Table of Contents
Part 4: Morphodynamics of Subaqueous Fans and Fan-deltas
Deposited by Turbidity Currents, and Co-evolving Fluvial/Turbidity
Current Fan-deltas
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Introduction to Sublacustrine and Submarine Fans and Canyons
Dynamics of 1D Turbidity Currents
Plunging of Turbidity Currents
Modeling of Purely Depositional 1D and 2D Subaqueous Fans
Fluvial Deltas and Fan-deltas with Co-evolving Fluvial Topset, Avalanching
Foreset and Bottomset Deposited from Turbidity Currents
47. Deposition in Diapiric Minibasins
48. Reservoir Sedimentation
49. Long Profile of Net-depositional Submarine Channels
50. Ignitive Turbidity Currents
51. Genesis of Submarine Canyons
52. Notes in Closing
Appendix I: References
Appendix II: Notation
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