Transcript Dias nummer 1 - Danmarks Statistik

General introduction to Business Registers
Tuesday 29 March 2011
Mrs Vibeke Skov Møller ([email protected]) and
Mr Søren Schiønning Andersen ([email protected])
Business statistics - 1
A description of business units and their transactions
Different aspects of business structure and development:
- Production
- Commodities
- Accounts
- Employment
For that purpose business statistics comprises:
- Different units
- Different sectors
- Different variables
- Different time measures
Business statistics - 2
Two different approaches:
- The institutional approach:
- from the perspective of the
transactors (the units)
- The functional approach:
- from the perspective of the
phenomena (the activities)
Business statistics - 3
A coherent system of business statistics requires:
- Standardised statistical units
- Standardised classifications for the classification of
units and delineation of populations
- ISIC
- Institutional sector
- Region
- Size
- Standard classifications of goods and services
-
HS, TiS classification
- Uniformly and consistently defined core variables
Definition of a Business Register (Eurostat) - 1
A data base used for statistical purposes …
of business and other organisations, …
and of units into which they are divided, …
whose activities contribute to the GDP of the
country …
by the exercise of control over the use of
resources.
Definition of a Business Register - 2
Why central Business Register? Five advantages:
- Efficiency
- Quality (specialisation)
- Standardisation
- No gaps or overlaps
- Coordination tool
A Business Register serving statistics:
- On different fields of activity
- On different subjects
- On different reference periods
Definition of a Business Register - 3
A centralised (statistical) business register is a tool for
obtaining a coherent system of business statistics …
- It is necessary …
- But it is not sufficient …
Four main criteria for success:
1. A high level of quality
2. Top management must support/require use of the BR
3. Statisticians must see tangible improvements
4. Users must be involved in set-up, use & maintenance
Purposes of a business register
Objectives:
- Maximum coverage - share of units or share of GDP?
- High quality – improved efficiency of statistical production
and reduced burden on enterprises
- Authority – the source / sampling frame for all business
surveys
Uses:
- For detection and construction of statistical units
- For preparation/coordination of surveys and grossing up
- For statistical analysis (e.g. business demography)
- As a tool for mobilisation of administrative data
Let’s start with the units – three main types
Reporting/collection unit (input side)
-
The unit from which statistical data is obtained and by
which statistical forms/questionnaires are completed
If/when collection of statistical data is enforced by law this
must be done vis-à-vis the legal unit
Observation unit (input side)
-
The unit about which data are reported (e.g. “a factory”)
Statistical unit (output side)
-
The basis for statistical aggregations (e.g. KAU)
The building block for tabulations
Luckily, these units most often coincide … !
Why standardise statistical units?
In real life business units …
- vary considerably in size
- have unique operational structures
- have many different legal structures
- have multiple activities
- often have multiple geographical locations
- use different accounting systems
This necessitates definitions of standardised statistical units to
collect integrated, consistent, comparable and unduplicated data
across all businesses - large and small
Statistical units are defined on two main “levels”:
- “Enterprise level” (where financial decisions are made)
- “Establishment level” (where production is decided and/or takes place)
The EU standards on statistical units
- Council Regulation 696/93 of 15 March 1993 …
- defines 8 different statistical units …
- for mandatory usage by Member States …
- if the usage is specified in a Community legal act …
- Member States may be authorised to use other statistical units …
- according to the management comitology procedure.
The Annex contains:
- The list of units
- Criteria for defining units
- Definitions and explanatory notes specific to each unit
- Additional explanatory notes
The list of statistical units
-
Institutional unit
Enterprise
Enterprise group
Local unit
Kind-of-activity unit (KAU)
Local kind-of-activity unit (LKAU)
Unit of homogeneous production (UHP)
Local unit of homogeneous production (LUHP)
OBS:
- Legal unit (not a statistical unit and thus not in the unit
Regulation, but required by the BR Regulation)
The legal unit
According to the BR Regulation, legal units are:
- “legal persons whose existence is recognised by law
independently of the individuals or institutions which may
own them or are members of them, and
- natural persons who are engaged in an economic activity
in their own right.”
- Information about legal units is most often the prime
source for business registers, but …
- legal units are constructs of law and do not always reflect
economic reality. There may be legal or fiscal
advantages of separating production factors into two or
more different legal units. In the economic view these
legal units cannot act without the others.
The enterprise
-
The smallest combination of legal units …
producing goods or services …
with a certain degree of autonomy in decision making ...
for which statistical data can be provided.
- Having one or more activities …
- at one or more geographical locations.
- Normally, one enterprise = one legal unit, but ...
- it can also correspond to a grouping of several legal
units, because …
The local unit - 1
-
Part of an enterprise
A geographically identified place (strict definition)
One or more activities are carried out
One or more persons work
Can comprise ancillary activities only
- If a person works in more than one place, or at home, the
local unit is the place from which instructions emanate or
work is organised.
- It must be possible to specify employment at any local unit
- Exception for legal units being the basis for an enterprise
which must have a local unit even if nobody works there
(there must always be an address)
The local unit – 2: Problem areas
- Movable activities
-
Taxis, haulage operator, vessels
- Non-permanent activities
-
Building and construction
External sourcing of ancillary activities
- Activities changing place
-
At the customer’s address
At fairs and market places
Street vendors
- Activities at home
-
Child minder, home sewer
- Other activities
-
Vending machines, laundrette, leased departments, summer
businesses, unmanned gas stations etc.
The enterprise group
- Association of enterprises
- Legal and/or financial links
- Used for studies of concentration
- Growing importance
A multi-national enterprise group (MEG) has at least two
enterprises or legal units in different countries.
A truncated enterprise group are the enterprises and legal
units of a MEG, which are resident in the same country.
Now required in the Business Register Regulation
The kind-of-activity unit (KAU)
Part of an enterprise …
contributing to one main activity (four DIGIT Nace), but ...
can also have secondary activities.
Corresponds to one or more operational sub-divisions of the
enterprise (the local units with the same main activity
belonging to the particular enterprise).
- Indication or calculation of basic economic information (e.g.
operating surplus).
-
The local kind-of-activity unit (LKAU)
The LKAU is the part of a KAU corresponding to a local unit.
This means that it is:
- Part of an enterprise …
- situated in one location …
- engaged in one main activity, but …
- Can have secondary activities.
- Each enterprise equals at least one LKAU.
- Corresponds to the operational definition of the
“establishment” in ISIC rev. 3
The institutional unit
- Decision making autonomy in respect of its principal function
- A complete set of accounts
An enterprise is an institutional unit in its capacity as a
producer of goods and services
In the corporate enterprises sector, the enterprise
corresponds to the institutional unit
In the households sector the institutional unit covers all
activities, whilst the term “Enterprise” only covers the
productive activities
Synoptic overview table
One location:
A single
activity:
One or
more
activities:
One or more
locations:
- LKAU
- LUHP
- KAU
- UHP
- Local unit
- Enterprise
- Enterprise group
- Institutional unit
Locations in
different
countries:
- MEG
Plus: Legal unit (administrative unit – not statistical)
Business Register: Basic conceptual model
legal unit
operates an
controls
}
Institutional dimension
In most
cases the
units
coincide!
enterprise
carries on
activity in its
local unit
}
- Simple to understand …
Productive dimension
- Difficult to do …
- Difficult to explain to
users and providers
The EU standards on Business Registers
• Regulation (EC) No 177/2008 of the EP and of the Council
• of 20 February 2008
• establishing a common framework for business registers for
statistical purposes and
• repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 2186/93
Why:
- Single European Market (Intrastat) - and later the EMU
- Need for information on structural changes
- SMEs and services statistics
- Response burden
- Coordination of business statistics
- Internationalisation of enterprises
EU standards (2): Scope / coverage – article 3
Registers shall be compiled of:
• All enterprises carrying out economic activities contributing to
GDP [i.e. whole economy, incl. agriculture and public sector] …
• and their local units;
• The legal units of which those enterprises consist;
• [Truncated enterprise groups and multinational enterprise
groups; and all-resident enterprise groups.]
• Which exercise wholly or partially a productive activity…
• and employ half a person or more
• Households producing for own consumption, or …
• letting of own property are not included
EU standards (3): Sources / access – article 4
• Countries may collect the information required using
any sources they consider relevant.
• Getting access: National statistical authorities shall
be authorised to collect, for statistical purposes,
information contained in administrative and legal
files.
• [Giving access: Different policies in different
countries]
• Where data cannot be collected at reasonable cost,
national authorities may use estimation procedures,
while respecting the need for accuracy and quality.
EU standards (4): Variables – article 5
A statistical business register shall …
- permit collection of data on units from administrative
sources
- provide a sampling base for surveys
- enable analysis of business demography
Variables in a statistical business register fall in four
groups:
- Identification variables
- Demographic variables
- Economic / stratification variables
- Relationship / control variables
Identification variables
Legal unit Enterprise Enterprise Local unit
group
Identity number (ID)
X
X
X
X
Name
X
X
X
X
Address
X
(X)
(X)
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
(X)
Phone no., fax no. etc.
External identity number (if
any - e.g. VAT)
X
ID of respons. legal unit(s)
(X)
X
ID of related enterprise
ID of related enterprise
group
X
X
X
ID of enterprise group head
X
Type of enterprise group
X
Demographic variables
Legal unit Enterprise Enterprise Local unit
group
Date of creation:
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
•Legal persons: Incorporation
•Natural persons: Recognition
as economic operator
•Statistical units: Start of
activities
Date of cessation:
•Legal unit: When cease to be
part of an enterprise
•Statistical units: Final
cessation of activities
Economic / stratification variables
Legal unit Enterprise Enterprise Local unit
group
Legal form
Principal / main activity
Secondary activity
X
X
X
X
(X)
(X)
(X)
Ancillary activity
(X)
Size (persons employed)
X
Size (no. of employees)
X
X
(X)
(X)
Size (full-time equivalents)
Size (turnover)
X
Geographical location
Inst. (sub)sector, cf. ESA
X
X
(X)
X
X
Relationship / control variables
Legal unit
Date of association to / separation from EG
X
ID of resident legal unit(s) controlled
X
ID of controlling resident legal unit
X
“Coordinates” of non-resident legal unit(s) controlled
X
“Coordinates” of controlling non-resident legal unit
X
ID and ownership (%) of resident legal unit(s) owned
X
ID and ownership (%) of owning resident legal unit
X
“Coordinates” and ownership (%) of non-resident legal unit(s)
owned
X
“Coordinates” and ownership (%) of owning non-resident legal
unit
X
EU standards (3): Updating – article 8
• Entries onto and removals from the registers
shall be updated at least annually.
• The frequency of updating shall depend on the
kind of unit, the variable considered, the size
of the unit and the source used for the update.
• Annually a copy that reflects the state of the
registers at the end of the year must be made
and kept for at least 30 years.
The Danish Business Register set-up
The statistical business register is one satellite in a wider system
Principal
data providers
“CBR-core”
Legal units
CBR
data base
LKAU
Other
data providers
The Danish Statistical Business Register - 1
Entity model
Enterprise
group
Enterprise
Legal unit
(adm.)
LKAU
LKAU
(adm.)
KAU
VAT unit 1
VAT unit 2
VAT unit 3
The Danish Statistical Business Register - 2
- The SBR is an on-line up-to-date data base of all private and
public enterprises in Denmark (low threshold for registration)
- The SBR is maintained on the basis of the Law on Statistics DK
- The SBR contains all basic data to construct/extract and maintain
all survey populations (except re agriculture)
- The most important characteristics/variables maintained are:
– Name and address
– Creation and cessation
– Ownership and institutional sector
– Activity (main and up to three secondary)
– Statistics (turnover and employment)
– Telephone no. and email-address
– Relations to other (types of) units
– Historical information
The Danish Statistical Business Register - 4
Lessons learned (from a Danish perspective):
- Concentrate efforts on large/complex units
- Other units should be treated automatically
- Experienced staff is needed – not everything can be
handled automatically
- Be careful not to over-complicate the functionalities,
-
It easily becomes very complex and expensive, so …
KEEP IT SIMPLE !!!
Do not let the register grow faster than the
maintenance and control routines
Conclusion
DIFFICULT WITH …
IMPOSSIBLE WITHOUT !!