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Lecture 10
Verb and Verb Phrase
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Teaching Contents
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10.1 Classification of verbs (I)
10.2 Classification of verbs (II)
10.3 A survey of tense, aspect, voice
and mood
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10.1 Classification of verbs (I)
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1) Main verbs and auxiliaries
According to different roles played in the
fomation of verb phrasesk verbs are
divided into two classes:main verbs and
auxiliaries. As we know, a verb phrase
may consist of a main verb only; this is
called a simple verb phrase.
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A verb phrase may also take the form of
a verb preceded by one or more
auxiliaries; this is called a complex verb
phrase.
Main verbs are also called notional verbs
functioning as the head and indicating
the basic meaning of a verb phrase.
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Auxiliaries fall into three categories:
primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and
semi-auxiliaries.
a) Primary auxiliaries: be, do, have.
Without lexical meanings of their own,
these auxiliaries have only grammatical
functions or grammatical meanings.
Be is usually used to help the main verb
to form the progressive aspect or the
expressive voice.
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Auxiliary do is used to help the main
verb to express negative meanings or to
form question, and sometimes to help
express the emphatic affirmative. The
function of auxiliary have is to help the
main verb to form the perfective or the
perfective progressive aspect.
b) Modal auxiliaries: can/could,
may/might, will/would, shall/should,
must, ought to, dare, need, used to.
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They express modal meanings. In a finite
verb phrase, we can use only one modal
auxiliary which is invariably followed by
the bare infinitive or the base form.
c) Semi-auxiliaries: have to, seem to.
They can help the main verb to form the
complex verb phrase and express the
modal meaning on the one hand, and can,
when preceded by other auxiliaries,
function as main verbs on the other.
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2) Transitive verbs, intransitive
verbs and linking verbs
Verbs are divided in accordance with
whether or not they must be followed by
obligatory elements functioning as
complementation and what kind of
elements that must follow.
a) Transitive verbs must be followed by
an object. Some are followed by two
objects, i.e. indirect object and direct
object;.
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some by an object and an object
complement; some by an object and an
obligatory adverbial
b) Intransitive verbs do not require an
object.
c) Linking verbs are followed by a subject
complement.
3) Dynamic and stative verbs
a) Dynamic verbs refer to actions. They
can be subclassified into three categories:
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durative verbs, transitional verbs and
momentary verbs.
b) Stative verbs refer to present or past
states, i.e. to a relatively stable state of
affairs. They are normally incompatible
with the progressive except in certain
cases where there is a transfer of
meaning. They can be classified into four
categories.
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The first includes main verbs “be” and
“have”.
The second includes verbs that include,
as part of their meaning, the notion of
being and having, such as apply to,
belong to, differ from, cost, weigh,
measure.
The third includes verbs that refer to a
sense perception, such as hear, see,
feel, taste, smell.
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The fourth subclass includes verbs that
refer to a feeling, a state of mind or an
opinion, such as assume, believe,
consider, detest, wish.
Stative verbs are not used in progressive
aspect, otherwise, they will be changed
into dynamic verbs, such as be, have.
e.g. He is being foolish (=is acting
foolishly).
We’re having a wonderful time (= are
enjoying ourselves).
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The verbs resemble and cost are stative
verbs when they are used to mean
respectively “be like” and “be worth”, but
when used in other meanings, these two
verbs just like dynamic verbs can occur in
the progressive.
e.g. He resembles his father.
He is resembling his father (= is
becoming more and more like his father)
as the years go by.
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Perception verbs when used in a nonvolitional sense are stative verb, but
when used in a volitional sense are
dynamic verbs.
e.g. I can taste pepper in it.
I’m tasting this soup.
Attitudinal verbs such as think, imagine,
understand are stative verbs, but they
can occasionally be used dynamically to
express different meanings, e.g.
Be quiet. I’m thinking (= giving thought
to a problem).
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There are also cases of a special polite
use of the progressive with verbs like
want, hope, wonder.
e.g. Were you wanting to see me?
10.2 Classification of verbs (II)
According to word formation and
grammatical form, English verb may be
divided into single-verbs and phrasal
verbs, finite verbs and non-finite verb,
regular verbs and irregular verbs.
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4) Single-word verbs and phrasal
verbs
A phrasal verb is a verb that is
composed of two or more words. They
can be classified into three categories:
a) Verb + preposition e.g. The police are
looking into the case.
b) Verb + adverb particle e.g. The
meeting has been called off.
c) Verb + adverb particle + preposition
e.g. I don’t want to come down with the
flu again.
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Phrasal verbs are verbal idioms which
are equivalent to single-word verbs,
transitive or intransitive, and which are
different from simple verbal combination
where the meanings are easily guessed
from the parts. Some constructions such
as verb + noun + preposition and verb
+ noun are also grouped under the
category of phrasal verbs
e.g. She soon realized that she was
being made fun of .
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5) Finite and non-finite verbs
Finite main verbs have tow finite forms
and three non-finite forms. The two are
the present tense and the past tense; the
three are the infinitive, the –ing participle
and the –ed participle. Finite verbs are
marked for tense, and non-finite verbs
have no tense distinctions.
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Most auxiliaries have the present and
past tense forms but not all the three
non-finite forms except for the primary
auxiliary be. The modals do not have the
non-finite forms or the base.
6) Regular and irregular verbs
Verbs whose past tense and –ed
participle forms are derived by adding –
ed are regular verbs, and otherwise they
are irregular verbs.
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10.3 A survey of tense, aspect,
voice and mood
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1) Tense and aspect
Tense is a grammatical form associated
with verbs that tells of the distinctions
of time; that is, tense and time are
related and different. Time is a
universal concept with three divisions:
past, present and future times.
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The notion of time is common to all
mankind, when expressed linguistically,
it is tense. Chinese is not an inflectional
language and has its own ways to
express tense.
Aspect is also a kind of verb form
which represents the action or the
process expressed by the verb as
something going on or completed
at a given time. English has two
aspects: the progressive and the
perfective aspects.
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The uses of tense and aspect
Tense: present
past
Aspect: progressive
perfective
1.A tense can be used independently:
1) simple present, 2) simple past
2.A tense can be combined with an aspect:
3) present progressive, 4) past progressive
5) present perfective, 6) past perfective
3. A tense can be combined with two aspects:
7) Present perfective progressive
8) Past perfective progressive
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e.g.
walk
Simple
Prese
nt
walk/
walks
Past
walked
Future Will
walk
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Perfectiv Progres
e
sive
Perfect
progressi
ve
have done
have been
doing
be doing
has/have am/is/
walked
are
walking
had
was/wer
walked
e
walking
has/have
been
walking
will have will be
walking
walked
will have
been
walking
had been
walking
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2) Active voice and passive voice
Voice is a grammatical category, showing
whether the subject of a sentence acts or
is acted on. English has two voices: the
active and passive voices. When the
subject is the agent or doer of an action,
the verb takes the active voice; if the
subject is the recipient of the action, the
verb takes the passive voice and the
sentence is called passive sentence.
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The passive voice is formed by the
auxiliary be + -ed participle of the
transitive verb. Since be can take
different forms of tense and aspect, we
have six passive forms: the simple
present, the simple past, the present
progressive, the past progressive, the
present perfective and the past perfective.
Of the three non-finite form, the infinitive
and the –ing participle can occur in the
passive, simple and perfective.
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“Modal auxiliary / semi-auxiliary +
infinitive” are made passive by using a
passive infinitive, which may occur in the
simple or in the perfective form. When
the passive is formed by get + -ed
participle, it is called get-passive,
distinguished from be-passive. But get
isn’t an auxiliary and cannot be used as
operator in a negative statement or in a
question.
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Get-passive usually used to denote
sudden and unexpected happenings in
contexts initiated by such expressions
as “in the end, eventually, at last”.
3) Indicative, imperative and
subjunctive mood
Mood, as a grammatical category, is a
finite verb form that indicates whether
an utterance expresses a fact (indicative
mood), a command or request
(imperative mood), or a non-fact and
hypothesis (subjunctive mood)
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4) Finite and non-finite verb phrases
Depending on whether the first element
in a verb phrase is finite or non-finite, a
distinction is made between finite verb
phrases and non-finite verb phrases.
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