Transcript Living Things - Mountain View Middle School

Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Table of Contents
Chapter Preview
1.1 What is Science?
1.2 Studying Earth
1.3 Exploring Earth’s Surface
1.4 Topographic Maps
1.5 Safety in the Science Laboratory
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly at
a. the equator.
b. the North Pole.
c. the South Pole.
d. mid-latitudes.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
1. Solar energy strikes Earth most directly at
a. the equator.
b. the North Pole.
c. the South Pole.
d. mid-latitudes.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causes
a. volcanic eruptions.
b. earthquakes.
c. wind.
d. landslides.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
2. Uneven heating of Earth by the sun causes
a. volcanic eruptions.
b. earthquakes.
c. wind.
d. landslides.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from the sun
varies with latitude because
a. of fusion in the sun’s core.
b. the sun is a yellow star.
c. the sun is the closest star to Earth.
d. of the sun’s height in the sky.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
3. The amount of heat that Earth receives from the sun
varies with latitude because
a. of fusion in the sun’s core.
b. the sun is a yellow star.
c. the sun is the closest star to Earth.
d. of the sun’s height in the sky.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Much of the energy on Earth is from
a. the sun.
b. Earth’s volcanoes.
c. earthquakes.
d. Earth’s core.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Much of the energy on Earth is from
a. the sun.
b. Earth’s volcanoes.
c. earthquakes.
d. Earth’s core.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What is one main source of energy for Earth’s natural
processes and living things?
A flashlight beam and a ball
can model how sunlight strikes
Earth. Sunlight strikes Earth’s
equator directly. But sunlight
is more spread out where it
strikes Earth’s polar regions.
Explain how this uneven
distribution of the sun’s
energy affects Earth’s
atmosphere and oceans.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
High-Use Academic Words
Word
area
Definition
n. A particular part
of a place or surface
Example Sentence
In what area of the
city is your school
located?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
High-Use Academic Words
Word
factor
Definition
n. A fact to be
considered
Example Sentence
In a race, one factor to
think about is the
distance you will run.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
High-Use Academic Words
Word
occur
Definition
v. To take place;
to happen
Example Sentence
The scientist predicted
that an earthquake might
occur at the site.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Apply It!
Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence.
1.
Keep your work ____ clean and safe during a laboratory experiment.
area
2. Accidents sometimes ____ in a science laboratory.
occur
3. Price is a(n) ____ to be considered in buying baseball tickets.
factor
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Chapter
Preview
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 1: What Is Science?
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to identify skills that scientists
use to learn about the world.
You will be able to explain what scientific inquiry
involves.
You will be able to differentiate between
scientific theory and a scientific law.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 1: What Is Science?
California Standards
6.7 Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful
questions and conducting careful investigations.
a. Develop a hypothesis.
c. …develop qualitative statements about the
relationships between variables.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 1: What Is Science?
What skills do scientists use?
What is scientific inquiry?
How do scientific theories differ from scientific
laws?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Sequoias and Fire
The graph shows the growth of
sequoia seedlings in relation to
the intensity of controlled
burns. Use the graph to answer
the questions.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Sequoias and Fire
Reading Graphs
What do the bars on
the graph represent?
Seedlings in different
locations
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Sequoias and Fire
Reading Graphs
What does the height
of each bar represent?
Percent of trees with
seedlings
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Sequoias and Fire
Interpreting Data
Which level of burn
intensity led to the most
seedling production? The
least seedling production?
High-intensity burn;
unburned site
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
The Nature of Scientific Inquiry
Scientific Inquiry refers to the many ways in which
scientists study the natural world and propose
explanations based on the evidence they gather.
Pose Questions
Form a
Hypothesis
Communicate
Draw
Conclusions
Collect and
Interpret Data
Design an
Experiment
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
The Nature of Inquiry Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about the nature of inquiry.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What is science?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
List three main
skills that scientists
use. Explain one.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
What Is Science?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 2: Studying Earth
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to name the parts of the Earth
system.
You will be able to explain how energy is
transferred in the Earth system.
You will be able to identify the main branches of
Earth science.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 2: Studying Earth
California Standards
6.3.a Students know energy can be carried from one
place to another by heat flow or by waves, including
water, light and sound waves.
6.4.a Students know the sun is the major source of
energy for phenomena on Earth’s surface; it powers
winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 2: Studying Earth
What are the parts of the Earth system?
How is energy transferred in the Earth
system?
What are the branches of Earth science?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth as a System
The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere
together make up the Earth system. Changes in any part of the
system can affect the other parts.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth as a System
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Energy Transfer
Energy can be transferred from place to place by moving
objects, by waves, or by heat flow. The different forms of
energy transfer occur around us constantly.
Moving Objects A moving object such as this baseball
transfers energy from the pitcher’s arm to the catcher—or the
pitcher’s bat.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Energy Transfer
Waves When the fans cheer, sound waves transfer energy as
they move through the air.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Energy Transfer
Heat Flow Heat Flow transfers energy from the warm air into
the cold ice cream, causing the ice cream to melt.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Energy Transfer
Electromagnetic Waves Electromagnetic Waves transfer
energy as they carry the TV announcer’s voice and image to
people outside the ballpark.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
The Branches of Earth Science
Earth science has several different branches. We will study
three of them: geology, meteorology, and environmental
science.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What are the four
“spheres” that
make up the Earth
system? Describe
two.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What are three
branches of
Earth science?
Describe one.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
Studying Earth
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 3: Exploring Earth’s
Surface
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to explain what the topography
of an area includes.
You will be able to identify the main types of
landform.
You will be able to explain how maps represent
Earth’s surface and use them to locate points on
the surface.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 3: Exploring Earth’s
Surface
California Standards
6.2 Topography is reshaped by the weathering of rock
and soil and by the transportation and deposition of
sediment.
6.7.f. Read a topographic map and a geologic map for
evidence provided on the maps and construct and
interpret a simple scale map.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 3: Exploring Earth’s
Surface
What does the topography of an area
include?
What are the main types of landforms?
How do maps represent Earth’s surface and
help find locations?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Elevations Across California
On a trip from California’s coast to the Sierra Nevada, you would see many
changes in topography as the elevation and relief of the land changed.
Elevation is the height of a
land feature above sea level.
Relief is the difference between the
highest point and lowest point of a
landform.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Types of Landforms
There are three main types of landforms: plains,
mountains, and plateaus.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What Is a Map?
Maps are drawn to scale and use symbols to represent
topography and other features on Earth’s surface.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Scales and Ratios
A ratio compares two numbers by division. For example,
the scale of a map given as a ratio is 1:250,000. At this
scale, the distance between two points on the map
measures
23.5 cm. How would you find the actual distance?
1. Write the scale as a fraction.
2. Write a proportion. Let d represent the distance between
the two points.
3. Write the cross products.
1 x d = 250,000 x 23.5 cm
d = 5,875,000 cm
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Scales and Ratios
Practice Problem
A map’s scale is 1:25,000. If two points are 4.7 cm apart
on the map, how far apart are they on the ground?
117,500 cm or 1.175 km; (1 x d = 25,000 x 4.7 cm) or
(25,000 x 4.7 cm)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth’s Grid
Distances around circles are measured in degrees.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth’s Grid
The equator and prime meridian divide Earth’s surface
into hemispheres.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth’s Grid
The lines of latitude and longitude form a grid that can
be used to find locations anywhere on Earth.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Earth’s Grid
Every point on Earth’s surface has a particular
latitude and longitude
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Links on Landforms
Click the SciLinks button for links on landforms.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Links on Latitude and Longitude
Click the SciLinks button for links on latitude and
longitude.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Latitude and Longitude
Click the Video button to watch a movie about
latitude and longitude.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What is
topography?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What is relief?
How does it
differ from
elevation?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
What are the
three main types
of landforms?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
Exploring Earth’s
Surface
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 4: Topographic Maps
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to explain how elevation, relief,
and slope are shown on topographic maps.
You will be able to explain how a topographic map
is read.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 4: Topographic Maps
California Standard
6.7.f Read a topographic map and a geologic map for
evidence provided on the maps and construct and
interpret a simple scale map.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 4:
Topographic Maps
How do mapmakers represent elevation,
relief, and slope?
How do you read a topographic map?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Mapping Earth’s Topography
Mapmakers use contour lines to represent elevation,
relief, and slope on topographic maps.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Topographic Map Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and
access Active Art about topographic maps.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Reading a Topographic Map
To read a
topographic
map, you must
familiarize
yourself with
the map’s
scale and
symbols and
interpret the
map’s contour
lines.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
Topographic Maps
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 5: Safety in the
Science Laboratory
Lesson Objectives
You will be able to explain why preparation is
important when carrying out scientific
investigations in the lab and in the field.
You will be able to describe what you should do if
an accident occurs.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 5: Safety in the
Science Laboratory
California Standards
6.7 Scientific progress is made by asking meaningful
questions and conducting careful investigations.
b. Select appropriate tools and technology (including
calculators, computers, balances, spring scales,
microscopes, and binoculars) to perform tests,
collect data, and display data.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Section 5: Safety in the
Science Laboratory
Why is preparation important when carrying
out scientific investigations in the lab and in
the field?
What should you do if an accident occurs?
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Safety in the Lab
These safety symbols remind you to work carefully when
performing labs in this textbook series. Make sure you
are familiar with each safety symbol and what it means.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
In Case of an Accident
When any accident occurs, no
matter how minor, notify your
teacher immediately. Then
listen to your teacher’s
directions and carry them out
quickly.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Links on Laboratory Safety
Click the SciLinks button for links on laboratory safety.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
End of Section:
Safety in the Science
Laboratory
Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
Quick Take Quiz
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
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Chapter 1 Introduction to Earth Science
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