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I.
Exam 1 Review
1. 9/13/12, 7:00p-8:30p, 262 Willard
Exam 1 covers Ch 1, 2 , 3, and the syllabus
III. Bring ID and # 2 pencil, arrive on time for no
exams handed out once one is turned in.
A. Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
II.
B. Heuristics
C. Culture
I.
The relationships developed on shows like
The Bachelor and The Bachelorette have
rarely produced long-lasting marriages. This
is likely because the situations in which
these relationships begin are
A. low in external validity.
B. high in external validity.
C. low in internal validity.
D. high in internal validity.
I.
Jake had a hypothesis about the outcome of the
Ross and colleagues (2004) study about the “Wall
Street Game” and the “Community Game.” Jake
hypothesized that the players would respond
based on their personalities, not just the name of
the game they played. His hypothesis is most
likely based on which tendency?
A. self-fulfilling prophecy
construals
C. direct social influence
D. fundamental attribution error
B.
I.
Example: The
Bloomer study
(Pygmalion
effect)
A. Expectation:
bloomer or not
• Bloomers
flourished
A. Teachers unconsciously provided bloomers
with
• more material and more difficult
• more and better feedback
• more and longer opportunities to respond
to questions.
• more attention, warmer environment
I.
II.
Heuristics – Mental shortcut
Form of automatic thinking
A.
B.
C.
D.
Availability heuristic – ease with which something
comes to mind influences judgment
List 2 or 8 times assertive
How assertive are you?
2 is easier to think of than 8, therefore people view
themselves as more assertive in the 2 than 8 condition
Two groups and given different starting points
(anchors)
I.
Grp A
Grp B
Length Miss River
70
3,000
Height Mt. Everest
5,000 45,000
% over > 65
4%
25%
Anchoring and Adjustment heuristic: Anchor
determines magnitude of the answer
II.
III.
IV.
Is answer higher or lower than anchor?
B.
Adjust
Group A will tend to have lower estimates than group B
A.
Representativeness heuristic – make judgments based
on how similar something is to the typical example.
Ex1: What cereal is lower in sugar and saturated fats?
I.
Lucky Charms
or 100% Natural Cereal
I.
How does culture
alter what you see?
East Asians more likely to
describe background
than Westerners
Analytic thinking style
I.
A. focus on objects without
considering surrounding context
B. associated with Western cultures
II.
Holistic thinking style
A. focus on the overall context,
relation between objects
B. associated with Eastern cultures
I.
Eastern and Western cultures
A. equally capable of using both
styles
B. environment in which people live
“primes” one style over the other
I.
Counterfactual Reasoning
A. Mentally changing some aspect of the past in
imagining what might have been
1. “If only I had answered that one question
differently, I would have passed the test.”
B. Can have a big influence on our emotional
reactions to events
C. The easier it is to mentally undo an outcome,
the stronger the emotional reaction to it.
I.
A.
Have to overcome the over –confidence barrier
Question – write down low and high answer so 90% sure falls between the 2
numbers. Goal only 10% wrong.
Avg – 40 to 80% wrong – why so overconfident?
I.
II.
A.
B.
Overconfidence barrier – many people think
reasoning just fine and over confident in their
accuracy
How to overcome this issue and issue of over
reliance on heuristics?
Encourage thinking the opposite pt of view
Can improve with training –stats, methods
I.
Good luck on the exam