Transcript The New Immigrant Second Generation and Native

Armchair Discussion
Canada School of Public Service
Metropolis Project
Jeffrey G. Reitz
University of Toronto
Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies
Munk Centre for International Studies
www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies
June 11, 2009
1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET)
http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1
Table of Contents
Assessing Multiculturalism as a Behavioral Theory
J.G. Reitz
Ethnic Group Ties, Inter-Group Threat, and Ethnic Self-Identity
K.K. Dion and M.B. Phan
Discrimination, Ethnic Group Belonging, and Well-Being
K.L. Dion, K.K. Dion, and R. Banerjee
Inequalities and Patterns of Social Attachments in Quebec and the Rest of Canada
M.B. Phan and R. Breton
Racial Inequality and Social Integration
J.G. Reitz and R. Banerjee
Behavioural Precepts of Multiculturalism: Empirical Validity and Policy Implications
J.G. Reitz
Selected Findings for Discussion Today
• Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities
• Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of
Visible Minorities
• Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs,
Hindus, Buddhists
• Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada
Jeffrey G. Reitz and Rupa Banerjee,
"Racial Inequality, Social Cohesion,
and Policy Issues in Canada." In
Belonging? Diversity, Recognition
and Shared Citizenship in Canada,
edited by Keith Banting, Thomas J.
Courchene, and F. Leslie Seidle.
Montreal: Institute for Research on
Public Policy, 2007. Pp. 489-545.
RACISM IN CANADA
Darker the skin, less you fit in
(217)
LESLEY CIARULA TAYLOR
IMMIGRATION REPORTER
Vanessa Kirunda is the last person you'd expect to be looked down
on.
Poised, articulate, educated and confident, Kirunda, a black woman,
can dissect and analyze why Canadians treat her differently.
But all bets were off when schoolmates called her 10-year-old son
Sean a n-----. Three times. Three different children.
"I anticipated this would happen, but it breaks my heart. Something
is wrong when children say these things. On top of everything, I'm
not going to have my child degraded," said the Mississauga resident.
The "everything" she refers to includes being sent to an Adult
Learning Centre when she arrived, even though English is her first
language, and getting passed over for a college spot in favour of a
white friend. "I've never understood people who believe they are
superior. It's based on idiotic ideologies. And it's not just white
European people."
Kirunda and her son, Canadian citizens who emigrated from Kenya
COLIN MCCONNELL/TORONTO STAR
Vanessa Kirunda and her son Sean, who live in
Mississauga, have been stung by racism. "And it's not just
white European people," she says. (May 10, 2009)
Selected Findings for Discussion Today
• Ethnic Attachments and Social Integration of Minorities
• Inequality, Discrimination, and the Social Integration of
Visible Minorities
• Social Integration of New Religious Groups: Muslims, Sikhs,
Hindus, Buddhists
• Variations across Quebec and the Rest of Canada
Immigration nations:
percent foreign-born, 2005
25
20
15
10
5
Source: United Nations, International Migration 2006
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Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002
N = 41,666
Ethno-cultural Groups
Indicators of Social Integration
• Ethnic Ancestry
• Visible Minority Status
• Life satisfaction
• Ties to Canadian society
Aspects of Diversity
–
–
–
–
‘Canadian’ identity
Citizenship
Sense of belonging in Canada
Trust in people
• Ethnic attachments (importance of
ancestry, customs, belonging)
• Religion, religious commitment
• Civic participation
Inequality
• Household Income
• Experience of discrimination
(self-reported)
• Feelings of discomfort
• Fear of attack
– Volunteer activities
– Voting
Generation/Time
• Period of Immigration
• Generation, Age
Ethno-racial Diversity in the EDS
Ancestry (not visible minorities)
Visible minorities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Anglo
French
North and Western European
Russian and East European
Jewish
Arab and West Asian
Latin American
Greek
Italian
Portuguese
Other European
Canadian
Chinese
South Asian
Black
Filipino
Latin American
Southeast Asian
Arab and West Asian
Korean
Japanese
Visible minorities, other
Multiple visible minorities
Ethnic Diversity Survey, 2002
N = 41,666
Ethno-cultural Groups
Indicators of Social Integration
• Ethnic Ancestry
• Visible Minority Status
• Life satisfaction
• Ties to Canadian society
Aspects of Diversity
• Ethnic group (attachments,
importance, belonging)
• Religion, religious commitment
Inequality
• Household Income
• Experience of discrimination
(self-reported )
• Feelings of discomfort
• Fear of attack
–
–
–
–
‘Canadian’ identity
Citizenship
Sense of belonging in Canada
Trust in people
• Civic participation
– Volunteer activities
– Voting
Generation/Time
• Period of Immigration
• Generation, Age
What is the effect of
ethnic attachments on
social integration?
Regression coefficients for
effect of ethnic attachments
on social integration, by
immigrant cohort and
generation, and controlling
for age and (for immigrants)
length of time in Canada
Inequality trends
across time and
generations
Income Inequality 
Less
• Perceptions of
discrimination and
vulnerability  More
Reports of discrimination:
visible minority status more than religion
Whites
Visible minorities
Whites
VM
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
OthChristian
Muslim
Buddhist
Hindu
Sikh
OthReligion
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
OthChristian
Muslim
Jewish
Percent
Perceived Discrimination by Visible Minority and
Religious Category
Total
Reports of vulnerability:
visible minority status more than religion
Whites
Visible minorities
Whites
VM
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
OthChristian
Muslim
Buddhist
Hindu
Sikh
OthReligion
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
OthChristian
Muslim
Jewish
Percentage
Perceived Vulnerability by Visible Minority and
Religious Category
Total
Canadian Identity
Whites
Visible Minorities
Total
VM
White
OthReligion
Sikh
Buddhist
Muslim
OthChristian
Protestant
Catholic
No Rel
Jewish
Muslim
OthChristian
Protestant
Catholic
No Rel
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hindu
Canadian Identity by Visible Minority and
Religious Category
Canadian citizenship
Whites
Visible Minorities
Total
VM
White
OthReligion
Sikh
Buddhist
Muslim
OthChristian
Protestant
Catholic
No Rel
Jewish
Muslim
OthChristian
Protestant
Catholic
No Rel
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Hindu
Canadian Citizenship by Visible Minority and
Religious Category
Religiosity
Whites
Visible Minorities
White
VM
Muslim
Buddhist
Hindu
Sikh
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
Other
Protestant
Oth
Muslim
Jewish
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
No Rel
Catholic
Percent
Percent 'Very Religious' in each Religion by Visible
Minority
Total
Reports of Discrimination:
Quebec v. Rest of Canada
Perceived Discrimination by Visible Minority and Relgious Category for
Quebec compared to the Rest of Canada
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Whites
Visible Minorities
White
VM
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
Oth
Muslim
Buddhist
Hindu
Sikh
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
Oth
Muslim
Jewish
QUEBEC
Rest of Canada
Total
Reports of Vulnerability:
Quebec v. Rest of Canada
Perceived Vulnerability by Visible Minority and
Religious Categories for Quebec compared to the
Rest of Canada
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Whites
Visible Minorities
Whites
VM
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
Oth
Muslim
Buddhist
Hindu
Sikh
No Rel
Catholic
Protestant
OthChristian
Muslim
Jewish
QUEBEC
Rest of Canada
Total
Conclusions
• Maintaining ethnic attachments over time is associated with
– enhanced qualify of life
– but greater isolation from the mainstream
• Racial minorities experience inequality and discrimination,
which reinforces their ethnic attachment and slows integration
– Race is more important than religious affiliation as a factor in the social
integration of visible minorities
Policy Considerations
• Equality is a key to integration; need to address racial
inequality
• Ethnic community development to support integration
• Integration requires efforts beyond support for diversity
• Evaluation of impact of multiculturalism policy
Armchair Discussion
Canada School of Public Service
Metropolis Project
Jeffrey G. Reitz
University of Toronto
Ethnic, Immigration and Pluralism Studies
Munk Centre for International Studies
www.utoronto.ca/ethnicstudies
June 11, 2009
1:00 p.m. to 2:15 p.m. (ET)
http://www.springer.com/978-1-4020-9957-1