Transcript Chapter 003
Chapter 3
Biological Basis for
Understanding Psychiatric
Disorders and Treatments
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Function and Activities
of the Brain
Maintenance of homeostasis
Regulation of autonomic nervous system (ANS)
and hormones
Control of biological drives and behavior
Cycle of sleep and wakefulness
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Function of the Brain (Cont.)
Circadian rhythms
Conscious mental activity
Memory
Social skills
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Cellular Composition of the Brain
Neurons
Respond to stimuli
Conduct electrical impulses
Release chemicals
Neurotransmitters
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Cellular Composition of the Brain
(cont’d)
Presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron
Transmitter destruction
synapse
Enzymes
Reuptake
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Neuronal Action
Neurons can release more than one chemical at
the same time
Neuropeptides
Neurotrophic factors
Long-term changes in cells
Proteins
Gases
Effect of steroid hormones
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Organization of the Brain
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum
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Function of Brainstem
Core – Regulates internal organs and vital
functions
Hypothalamus – Basic drives and link between
thought and emotion and function of internal
organs
Brainstem – Processing center for sensory
information
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Function of Cerebellum
Regulates skeletal muscle
Coordination and contraction
Maintains equilibrium
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Function of Cerebrum
Mental activities
Conscious sense of being
Emotional status
Memory
Control of skeletal muscles – movement
Language and communication
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Visualizing the Brain
Structured imaging techniques
Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Functional imaging techniques
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Single photon emission computed tomography
(SPECT)
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Disturbances of Mental Function
Environment
Genes
Altered neurons
Norepinephrine
Serotonin
Dopamine
Glutamate
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
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Mechanisms of Action of
Psychotropic Drugs
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Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam (Valium)
Clonazepam (Klonopin)
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Lorazepam (Ativan)
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Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs (Cont.)
Flurazepam (Dalmane)
Temazepam (Restoril)
Triazolam (Halcion)
Estazolam (ProSom)
Quazepam (Doral)
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Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs (Cont.)
Short-acting sedative-hypnotic sleep agents
(“Z-hypnotics”)
Zolpidem (Ambien)
Zaleplon (Sonata)
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
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Antianxiety and Hypnotic Drugs (Cont.)
Melatonin receptor agonists
Ramelteon (Rozerem)
Doxepin (Silenor)
Buspirone (BuSpar)
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Antidepressant Drugs
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
Amitriptyline (Elavil)
Imipramine (Tofranil)
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Antidepressant Drugs (Cont.)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Sertraline (Zoloft)
Paroxetine (Paxil)
Citalopram (Celexa)
Escitalopram (Lexapro)
Fluvoxamine (Luvox)
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Antidepressant Drugs (Cont.)
Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors
(SNRIs)
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq)
Duloxetine (Cymbalta)
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Antidepressant Drugs (Cont.)
Serotonin-norepinephrine disinhibitors (SNDIs)
Mirtazapine (Remeron)
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Antidepressant Drugs (Cont.)
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
Phenelzine (Nardil)
Selegiline (EMSAM)
Tranylcypromine (Parnate)
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Other Antidepressant Drugs
Bupropion (Wellbutrin, Zyban)
Vilazodone (Viibryd)
Trazodone (Oleptro)
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Mood Stabilizers
Lithium
Anticonvulsant drugs
Valproate (Depakote, Depakene)
Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Gabapentin (Neurontin)
Topiramate (Topamax)
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
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Antipsychotic Drugs
First-generation, conventional, typical of
standard antipsychotic drugs
Strong antagonists (blocking agents)
Bind to D2 receptors
Block attachment of dopamine
Reduce dopaminergic transmission
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First-Generation (Conventional)
Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Antagonists of receptors for
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Histamine
Significant side effects
Weight gain
Sedation
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Second-Generation (Atypical)
Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Produce fewer extrapyramidal side effects (EPS)
Target both the negative and positive symptoms
Often chosen as first-line treatment
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Second-Generation (Atypical)
Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Dopamine and serotonin blockers
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Second-Generation (Atypical)
Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Clozapine (Clozaril)
Risperidone (Risperdal)
Quetiapine (Seroquel)
Olanzapine (Zyprexa, Zyprexa Relprevv)
Ziprasidone (Geodon)
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Second-Generation (Atypical)
Antipsychotic Drugs (Cont.)
Paliperidone (Invega)
Iloperidone (Fanapt)
Lurasidone (Latuda)
Asenapine (Saphris)
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Third-Generation
Antipsychotic Drug
Aripiprazole (Abilify)
Dopamine stabilizer
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Other Drugs
For attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin, also Daytrana, a
transdermal system)
Dextroamphetamine (Adderall, Vyvanse)
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Intuniv (guanfacine)
Kapvay (clonidine)
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Other Drugs (Cont.)
For Alzheimer's disease
Tacrine (Cognex)
Donepezil (Aricept)
Galantamaine (Razadyne)
Revastigmine (Exelon)
Memantine (Namenda, Namenda XR)
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Herbal Medicine
Major concerns
Potential long-term effects
• Nerve damage
• Kidney damage
• Liver damage
Possibility of adverse chemical reactions
• With other substances
• With conventional medications
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Audience Response Questions
1. If a person has decreased circulating levels of
GABA, which health problem would be
expected?
A. Alzheimer’s disease
B. Parkinson’s disease
C. Anxiety disorders
D. Insomnia
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Audience Response Questions
2. Which neuroimaging technique would reveal
problems in the anatomical structure of the
brain but not problems in function?
A. CT
B. PET
C. SPECT
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