Transcript www.chem.uwec.edu

Organic Chemistry
1
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
2
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
We will look at:
(1) Naming of simple compounds.
3
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
We will look at:
(1) Naming of simple compounds.
(2) Some simple reactions.
4
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
We will look at:
(1) Naming of simple compounds.
(2) Some simple reactions.
(3) Some simple properties.
5
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of carbon compounds.
We will look at:
(1) Naming of simple compounds.
(2) Some simple reactions.
(3) Some simple properties.
(4) Some applications will be
discussed.
6
Naming simple organic compounds
7
Naming simple organic compounds
Organic compounds are organized in different
families, and each family has a root name.
8
Naming simple organic compounds
Organic compounds are organized in different
families, and each family has a root name.
Compounds derived from the starting
members in the family have their name based
on the parent compound from which they are
derived.
9
The key compounds for naming are the
hydrocarbons.
10
The key compounds for naming are the
hydrocarbons. There are three basic
classifications and some important secondary
classifications.
11
The key compounds for naming are the
hydrocarbons. There are three basic
classifications and some important secondary
classifications.
(1) Alkanes
12
The key compounds for naming are the
hydrocarbons. There are three basic
classifications and some important secondary
classifications.
(1) Alkanes
(2) Alkenes
13
The key compounds for naming are the
hydrocarbons. There are three basic
classifications and some important secondary
classifications.
(1) Alkanes
(2) Alkenes
(3) Alkynes
14
Prefix system
used to name inorganic
compounds. This is also
used for organic
compounds to name the
number of substituents.
The base names for the
alkanes with five or more
C atoms are derived
directly from these
names.
number
prefix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
mon*
di
tri
tetra
penta
hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca
*Often not employed.
15
Prefix system
used to name the
number of carbon atoms
in the longest chain of
organic compounds.
Note that the ones in
blue do not follow from
the first four prefixes in
the previous table.
These entries are
sometimes termed the
roots for the number of C
atoms.
number
prefix
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
meth
eth
prop
but
pent
hex
hept
oct
non
dec
16
Names for organic compounds break up into
two groups:
17
Names for organic compounds break up into
two groups:
Non-systematic (trivial)
18
Names for organic compounds break up into
two groups:
Non-systematic (trivial)
Systematic (This will be our focus, though
some of the common names will be
mentioned.)
19
Names for organic compounds break up into
two groups:
Non-systematic (trivial)
Systematic (This will be our focus, though
some of the common names will be
mentioned.)
Example: H2O
The non-systematic name is water.
The systematic name is dihydrogen oxide.
20
Number of bonds
For the following atoms the typical number of
bonds from each atom is as follows:
Atom
H
C
Number of bonds
1
4
21
Number of bonds
For the following atoms the typical number of
bonds from each atom is as follows:
Atom
H
C
O
N
Number of bonds
1
4
2
3
22
Number of bonds
For the following atoms the typical number of
bonds from each atom is as follows:
Atom
Number of bonds
H
1
C
4
O
2
N
3
(Note: there are exceptions)
23
The Alkanes
24
The Alkanes
As far as naming is concerned, the alkanes are
the top priority family.
25
The Alkanes
As far as naming is concerned, the alkanes are
the top priority family. Many other names are
based on the names used for this group of
compounds.
26
The Alkanes
As far as naming is concerned, the alkanes are
the top priority family. Many other names are
based on the names used for this group of
compounds.
The alkanes have the general formula
CnH2n+2 where n = 1, 2, 3, ….
27
Formula
CH4
Name
methane
28
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
Name
methane
ethane
29
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
30
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
31
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
32
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
33
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
34
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
35
Formula
Name
CH4
methane
CH3CH3
ethane
CH3CH2CH3
propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3
butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
octane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
nonane
36
Formula
Name
CH4
methane
CH3CH3
ethane
CH3CH2CH3
propane
CH3CH2CH2CH3
butane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3
pentane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
hexane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
heptane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
octane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
nonane
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 decane
37
Formula
CH4
Name
methane
38
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
Name
methane
ethane
39
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
40
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
41
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
42
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
43
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
44
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)6CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
45
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)6CH3
CH3(CH2)7CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
46
Formula
CH4
CH3CH3
CH3CH2CH3
CH3(CH2)2CH3
CH3(CH2)3CH3
CH3(CH2)4CH3
CH3(CH2)5CH3
CH3(CH2)6CH3
CH3(CH2)7CH3
CH3(CH2)8CH3
Name
methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane
47
Alkyl groups
48
Alkyl groups
Formula
Name
49
Alkyl groups
Formula
CH3
Name
methyl
50
Alkyl groups
Formula
CH3
CH3CH2
Name
methyl
ethyl
51
Alkyl groups
Formula
CH3
CH3CH2
CH3CH2CH2
Name
methyl
ethyl
n-propyl
52
Alkyl groups
Formula
CH3
CH3CH2
CH3CH2CH2
CH3(CH2)2CH2
Name
methyl
ethyl
n-propyl
n-butyl
53
Alkyl groups
Formula
CH3
CH3CH2
CH3CH2CH2
CH3(CH2)2CH2
CH3(CH2)3CH2
Name
methyl
ethyl
n-propyl
n-butyl
n-pentyl
54
Alkyl groups
Formula
CH3
CH3CH2
CH3CH2CH2
CH3(CH2)2CH2
CH3(CH2)3CH2
Name
methyl
ethyl
n-propyl
n-butyl
n-pentyl
Ending change: ane
root names)
yl (or add yl to the
55
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this
case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest
chain.
56
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this
case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest
chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly
are:
sec- short for secondary
57
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this
case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest
chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly
are:
sec- short for secondary
tert- short for tertiary
58
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this
case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest
chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly
are:
sec- short for secondary
tert- short for tertiary
iso (no hyphen is used)
59
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this
case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest
chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly
are:
sec- short for secondary
tert- short for tertiary
iso (no hyphen is used)
Examples:
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H
H
sec-butyl
60
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this
case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest
chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly
are:
sec- short for secondary
tert- short for tertiary
iso (no hyphen is used)
Examples:
H
H C H
H
H
H H H H
H C C C H
H C C C C H
H
H
H H
H
sec-butyl
tert-butyl
61
In the previous list “n” stands for normal. In this
case the bond is from the first carbon of the longest
chain. Three other prefixes that occur commonly
are:
sec- short for secondary
tert- short for tertiary
iso (no hyphen is used)
Examples:
H
H
H C H
H C H
H
H
H
H
H H H H
H C C C H H C C C
H C C C C H
H
H
H H H
H H
H
sec-butyl
tert-butyl
isobutyl
62
The term isoalkane is used to denote a branched
chain alkane with a methyl group attached to the
penultimate carbon atom of the main chain.
63
The term isoalkane is used to denote a branched
chain alkane with a methyl group attached to the
penultimate carbon atom of the main chain.
As the number of carbon atoms increase, the
prefixes become less useful, because an increasingly
large number of prefixes would be needed. In this
case, the standard numbering scheme (described
about nine slides later) is used.
64
Structures of some alkanes
65
Structures of some alkanes
H
H C H
H
66
Structures of some alkanes
H
H C H
H
H H
H C C H
H H
67
Structures of some alkanes
H
H C
H
H
H C
H
H
H H
H C C H
H H
H H
C C H
H H
68
Structures of some alkanes
H
H C
H
H
H C
H
H
H H
H C C H
H H
H H
C C H
H H
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
69
Structures of some alkanes
H
H C
H
H
H C
H
H
H H
H C C H
H H
H H
C C H
H H
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
These are straight chain examples.
70
Structures of some alkanes
H
H C
H
H
H C
H
H
H H
H C C H
H H
H H
C C H
H H
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H H H
These are straight chain examples. Note that
the alkanes have only single bonds.
71
Branched alkanes
72
Branched alkanes
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H CH3 H
73
Branched alkanes
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H CH3 H
4
3
2
1
74
Branched alkanes
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H CH3 H
4
3
2
1
2-methylbutane
(the 2 is a bit redundant)
75
Branched alkanes
H H H H
H C C C C H
H H CH3 H
4
3
2
1
2-methylbutane
(the 2 is a bit redundant)
Number the longest chain so as to give the
lowest number to the substituent (in this case a
methyl group) off the main chain.
76
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H CH3CH3H
77
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H CH3CH3H
5
4
3
2
1
78
H H H H H
H C C C C C H
H H CH3CH3H 2,3-dimethylpentane
5
4
3
2
1
79
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H CH3CH2H H H H
CH3
80
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H CH3CH2H H H H
CH3
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off
the main chain.
81
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H CH3CH2H H H H
CH3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off
the main chain.
82
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H CH3CH2H H H H
CH3
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
5 and 6 bigger than
3 and 4 – so this is
wrong numbering
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off the
main chain.
83
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H CH3CH2H H H H
CH3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off
the main chain.
84
3-methyl-4-ethyloctane (complexity order)
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H CH3CH2H H H H
CH3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off
the main chain.
85
3-methyl-4-ethyloctane (complexity order)
4-ethyl-3-methyloctane (alphabetical order)
H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H
H H CH3CH2H H H H
CH3
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note: there is a methyl and an ethyl group off
the main chain.
86
Summary of the simple rules to name an alkane.
Prefix + root + suffix
87
Ways of depicting an alkane
(p. 578)
88
The impact of free rotation about carbon
– carbon single bonds.
89
Exercise: Draw the structures of
(1) 2,2,3-trimethylbutane
(2) 4-ethyl-2-methylnonane
(2-methyl-4-ethylnonane)
(3) 2,4-dimethyloctane
90
Physical properties of the alkanes
The series of straight-chain alkanes shows a very
smooth gradation of physical properties. As the
series is ascended, each additional CH2 group
contributes a fairly constant increment to the
boiling point and to the density – and to a lesser
extent to the melting point.
This makes it possible to estimate the properties of
an unknown member of the series from those of its
neighbors.
91
Alkenes
92
Alkenes
These are hydrocarbons with at least one or
more double bonds.
93
Alkenes
These are hydrocarbons with at least one or
more double bonds.
The parent alkanes are used to name the
alkene family of compounds.
94
Alkenes
These are hydrocarbons with at least one or
more double bonds.
The parent alkanes are used to name the
alkene family of compounds.
The name ending change is:
ane
ene
95
alkane
ethane
alkene
ethene
structure
H
H
C C
H
H
96
alkane
ethane
alkene
ethene
structure
H
H
H
propane
propene
H
C C
C C
H
H
CH3
H
97
alkane
butane
alkene
butene
structure
98
alkane
alkene
structure
butane
butene
In this case there are three possible compounds.
99
alkane
alkene
structure
butane
butene
In this case there are three possible compounds.
H
H
1-butene
C C
H
CH2 CH3
100
alkane
alkene
structure
butane
butene
In this case there are three possible compounds.
H
H
1-butene
The number 1 indicates on which carbon
C C
the double bond starts.
H
CH2 CH3
101
alkane
alkene
structure
butane
butene
In this case there are three possible compounds.
H
H
1-butene
The number 1 indicates on which carbon
C C
the double bond starts.
H
CH2 CH3
2- butene
CH3
CH3
C C
H
H
102
alkane
alkene
structure
butane
butene
In this case there are three possible compounds.
H
H
1-butene
The number 1 indicates on which carbon
C C
the double bond starts.
H
CH2 CH3
2- butene
CH3
CH3
C C
H
H
H
CH3
C C
H
CH3
103
alkane
alkene
structure
butane
butene
In this case there are three possible compounds.
H
H
1-butene
The number 1 indicates on which carbon
C C
the double bond starts.
H
CH2 CH3
2- butene
cis-2-butene
trans-2-butene
CH3
CH3
C C
H
H
H
CH3
C C
H
CH3
104
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name
a compound unambiguously, e.g.
105
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name
a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Br
Cl
C C
I
CH3
106
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name
a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Br
Cl
Is this a cis or trans compound?
C C
I
CH3
107
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name
a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Br
Cl
Is this a cis or trans compound?
C C
I
CH3
A way to sort out this problem is to use the symbols
108
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name
a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Br
Cl
Is this a cis or trans compound?
C C
I
CH3
A way to sort out this problem is to use the symbols
Z (zusammen = together)
109
Z and E isomers
Some cases arise in which it is very difficult to name
a compound unambiguously, e.g.
Br
Cl
Is this a cis or trans compound?
C C
I
CH3
A way to sort out this problem is to use the symbols
Z (zusammen = together)
E(entgegen
= opposite)
110
Rules
1. Compare the two groups on one carbon atom of
the carbon-carbon double bond.
111
Rules
1. Compare the two groups on one carbon atom of
the carbon-carbon double bond.
2. Assign the two groups priorities using the CahnIngold-Prelog rules for R and S configurations.
112
Rules
1. Compare the two groups on one carbon atom of
the carbon-carbon double bond.
2. Assign the two groups priorities using the CahnIngold-Prelog rules for R and S configurations.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the second carbon of the
carbon-carbon double bond.
113
Rules
1. Compare the two groups on one carbon atom of
the carbon-carbon double bond.
2. Assign the two groups priorities using the CahnIngold-Prelog rules for R and S configurations.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for the second carbon of the
carbon-carbon double bond.
4. If the two groups of highest priority are on the
same side of the double bond, we have the Z
isomer. If the two groups are on opposite sides we
have the E isomer.
114
Arrange the atoms in decreasing order of atomic
number, e.g. I, Br, Cl, S, P, F, O, N, C, H
115
CH3
CH3
C C
H
H
Z-2-butene
116
CH3
CH3
C C
H
H
Z-2-butene
H
CH3
C C
E-2-butene
H
CH3
117
CH3
CH3
C C
H
H
Z-2-butene
H
CH3
C C
E-2-butene
H
CH3
Cl
Br
C C
I
CH3
E-2-bromo-1-chloro-1-iodopropene
118
CH3
CH3
C C
H
H
Z-2-butene
H
CH3
C C
E-2-butene
H
CH3
Cl
Br
C C
I E-2-bromo-1-chloro-1-iodopropene
CH3
The group of highest priority on each C atom is
circled.
119
CH3
CH3
C C
H
H
Z-2-butene
H
CH3
C C
E-2-butene
H
CH3
Cl
Br
C C
I E-2-bromo-1-chloro-1-iodopropene
CH3
The group of highest priority on each C atom is
circled.
120
alkene
ethene
condensed formula
CH2CH2
121
alkene
ethene
propene
condensed formula
CH2CH2
CH2CHCH3
122
alkene
ethene
propene
1-butene
condensed formula
CH2CH2
CH2CHCH3
CH2CHCH2CH3
123
alkene
ethene
propene
1-butene
2-butene
condensed formula
CH2CH2
CH2CHCH3
CH2CHCH2CH3
CH3CHCHCH3
124
alkene
condensed formula
ethene
CH2CH2
propene
CH2CHCH3
1-butene
CH2CHCH2CH3
2-butene
CH3CHCHCH3
Note: it would not be clear from the formula for 2butene whether this is the cis or trans compound.
125
alkene
condensed formula
ethene
CH2CH2
propene
CH2CHCH3
1-butene
CH2CHCH2CH3
2-butene
CH3CHCHCH3
Note: it would not be clear from the formula for 2butene whether this is the cis or trans compound.
This is a reason why structures are very useful!
126
It is possible to have more than one double
bond present. For example:
H
H
C C
H
C
H
C
H
H
1,3-butadiene
127
Alkynes
128
Alkynes
The alkynes have one or more triple bonds.
129
Alkynes
The alkynes have one or more triple bonds.
The ending change is:
ane
yne
130
Alkynes
The alkynes have one or more triple bonds.
The ending change is:
ane
yne
The alkenes and the alkynes are referred to as
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
131
Alkynes
The alkynes have one or more triple bonds.
The ending change is:
ane
yne
The alkenes and the alkynes are referred to as
unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Unsaturated hydrocarbon: A hydrocarbon
having one or more double or triple bonds.
132
alkane
ethane
alkyne
ethyne
structure
H C
C H
133
alkane
ethane
alkyne
ethyne
structure
H C
C H
propane
propyne
H C
C CH3
134
alkane
ethane
alkyne
ethyne
structure
H C
C H
propane
propyne
H C
C CH3
butane
1-butyne
H C
C CH2 CH3
135
alkane
ethane
alkyne
ethyne
structure
H C
C H
propane
propyne
H C
C CH3
butane
1-butyne
2-butyne
H C
CH3
C CH2 CH3
C C CH3
136
alkyne
ethyne
condensed formula
C2H2
137
alkyne
ethyne
condensed formula
C2H2
propyne
CHCCH3
138
alkyne
ethyne
condensed formula
C2H2
propyne
CHCCH3
1-butyne
CHCCH2CH3
139
alkyne
ethyne
condensed formula
C2H2
propyne
CHCCH3
1-butyne
CHCCH2CH3
2-butyne
CH3CCCH3
140
alkyne
ethyne
condensed formula
C2H2
propyne
CHCCH3
(Writing C3H4 would not be useful.)
1-butyne
CHCCH2CH3
2-butyne
CH3CCCH3
141
alkyne
ethyne
condensed formula
C2H2
propyne
CHCCH3
(Writing C3H4 would not be useful. Why?)
1-butyne
CHCCH2CH3
2-butyne
CH3CCCH3
142
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
143
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
Clearly, this could be propyne.
H C C CH3
144
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
Clearly, this could be propyne.
H C C CH3
But it could also be
H
C C C
H
H
H
145
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
Clearly, this could be propyne.
H C C CH3
But it could also be
H
C C C
H
H
H
1,2-propadiene
146
Explanation of why C3H4 would not be useful.
Clearly, this could be propyne.
H C C CH3
But it could also be
H
C C C
H
H
H
1,2-propadiene
(The numbering would be a bit redundant in this
example.)
147
Cycloalkanes
148
Cycloalkanes
The cyclo compounds have a ring of carbon
atoms present in the compound.
149
alkane
propane
cycloalkane
cyclopropane
structure
H
H
C
H C C H
H
H
150
alkane
propane
cycloalkane
cyclopropane
structure
H
H
C
H C C H
H
H
H
butane
cyclobutane H C
H C
H
H
C H
C H
H
151
152
153
154
155
Conformational possibilities for cyclohexane
156
157
158
Some substituents
159
Some substituents
Substituent
F
Name
fluoro
160
Some substituents
Substituent
F
Cl
Name
fluoro
chloro
161
Some substituents
Substituent
F
Cl
Br
Name
fluoro
chloro
bromo
162
Some substituents
Substituent
F
Cl
Br
I
Name
fluoro
chloro
bromo
iodo
163
Some substituents
Substituent
F
Cl
Br
I
Name
fluoro
chloro
bromo
iodo
Note: the ending change ide
chloride to chloro
o as in
164
Name the following
165
H
1. H C F
H
Name the following
166
Name the following
H
1. H C F
H H H
H C C F
2.
H F
167
Name the following
H
1. H C F
H H H
H C C F
2.
H F
H H H
3.
H C C C F
H F Cl
168
Name the following
H
1. H C F
H H H
H C C F
2.
H F
H H H
3.
H C C C F
H F Cl
H H Br H
4.
H C C C C H
H Br H Br
169
Name the following
H
1. H C F
H H H
H C C F
2.
H F
H H H
3.
H C C C F
H F Cl
H H Br H
4.
H C C C C H
H Br H Br
fluoromethane
170
Name the following
H
1. H C F
H H H
H C C F
2.
H F
H H H
3.
H C C C F
H F Cl
H H Br H
4.
H C C C C H
H Br H Br
fluoromethane
1,1-difluoroethane
171
Name the following
H
1. H C F
fluoromethane
H H H
H C C F
2.
1,1-difluoroethane
H F
H H H
3.
1-chloro-1,2-difluoropropane
H C C C F
H F Cl
H H Br H
4.
H C C C C H
H Br H Br
172
Name the following
H
1. H C F
fluoromethane
H H H
H C C F
2.
1,1-difluoroethane
H F
H H H
3.
1-chloro-1,2-difluoropropane
H C C C F
H F Cl
H H Br H
4.
1,2,3-tribromobutane
H C C C C H
H Br H Br
173
Name the following
H
1. H C F
fluoromethane
H H H
H C C F
2.
1,1-difluoroethane
H F
H H H
3.
1-chloro-1,2-difluoropropane*
H C C C F
H F Cl
H H Br H
4.
1,2,3-tribromobutane*
H C C C C H
*(there is more than one form of this compound)
H Br H Br
174
Some simple reactions of alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes
175
Some simple reactions of alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes
Combustion:
CH4 + 2 O2
CO2 + 2 H2O
176
Some simple reactions of alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes
Combustion:
CH4 + 2 O2
CO2 + 2 H2O
When the products are CO2 and H2O it is termed a
complete combustion.
177
Some simple reactions of alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes
Combustion:
CH4 + 2 O2
CO2 + 2 H2O
When the products are CO2 and H2O it is termed a
complete combustion.
With insufficient O2, CO will be formed. E. g.
2 CH4 + 3 O2
2 CO + 4 H2O
178
Some simple reactions of alkanes,
alkenes, and alkynes
Combustion:
CH4 + 2 O2
CO2 + 2 H2O
When the products are CO2 and H2O it is termed a
complete combustion.
With insufficient O2, CO will be formed. E. g.
2 CH4 + 3 O2
2 CO + 4 H2O
This is called an incomplete combustion.
179