Transcript Slide 1

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html
Candis Cook
Lauren Beller
and
Randy Dumaplin
http://herpes-coldsores.com/std/urinary_tract_infections_pictures.htm
Approximately 8 to 10 million people in the United States develop a UTI each year.
Women develop the condition much more often than men. The condition is rare in
boys and young men. The distance between the bladder and the urethral opening is
relatively short in women, and this opening is in close proximity to the vagina and
rectum. This makes it easy for bacteria to move from one place to another. In men,
the urethral tube is longer and its opening is further removed from the rectum, thus
resulting in a lower frequency of UTIs.
UTI is uncommon in men below 60 years of age, but the frequency is similar in men
and women in older age groups.
Twenty percent of women in the United States (1 out of 5) develop a UTI and 20% of
those have a recurrence. Urinary tract infections in children are more common in
those under the age of 2.
UTIs are classified as either community acquired or hospital acquired. 70 percent of
infections are community acquired.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/1122.htm
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that usually occurs when bacteria enter the
opening of the urethra and multiply in the urinary tract. The urinary tract includes the
kidneys, the tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder (ureters), bladder,
and the tube that carries urine from the bladder (urethra). The special connection of
the ureters at the bladder help prevent urine from backing up into the kidneys, and
the flow of urine through the urethra helps to eliminate bacteria. Men, women, and
children develop UTIs.
http://health.allrefer.com/health/e-coli-enteritis-digestive-system.html
The most common cause of UTI is bacteria from the bowel that lives on the skin near
the rectum or in the vagina which can spread and enter the urinary tract through the
urethra. Once bacteria enters the urethra it travels upward causing infection in the
bladder and sometimes other parts of the urinary tract.
Rod-Shaped Bacterium,
E. coli, dividing by
binary fission
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html
Escherichia coli (E. coli) causes about 80% of UTIs in adults. These bacteria are
normally present in the colon and may enter the urethral opening from the skin
around the anus and genitals. Other bacteria that cause urinary tract infections
include Staphylococcus saprophyticus (5 to 15% of cases), Chlamydia trachomatis,
and Mycoplasma hominis. Men and women infected with chlamydia trachomatis or
mycoplasma hominis can transmit the bacteria to their partner during sexual
intercourse, causing UTI.
E. coli
strains
undergoing
conjugation
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_2.html
•
•
Escherichia coli (usually abbreviated to E. coli) is one of the main species of
bacteria that live in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals (including birds and
mammals) and are necessary for the proper digestion of food. Its presence in
groundwater is a common indicator of fecal contamination. ("Enteric" is the adjective
that describes organisms that live in the intestines. "Fecal" is the adjective for
organisms that live in feces, so it is often a synonym for "enteric.") The name comes
from its discoverer, Theodor Escherich. It belongs among the Enterobacteriaceae,
and is commonly used as a model organism for bacteria in general.
The number of individual E. coli bacteria in the feces that one human passes in one
day averages between 100 billion and 10 trillion. All the different kinds of fecal coli
bacteria and all the very similar bacteria that live in the ground (in soil or decaying
plants, of which the most common is Enterobacter aerogenes) are grouped together
under the name "coliform" (meaning "like coli") bacteria. Technically, the "coliform
group" is defined to be all the aerobic and facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming,
Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment lactose with the production of gas
within 48 hours at 35°C (in the body, this gas is released as flatulence).
The short distance between the
anus and vagina, and the short
length of the urethra, make women
more prone to urinary tract
infections than men are. Inset: If
muscles supporting your bladder
weaken, your bladder may
descend into your vagina, a
condition called cystocele. Your
bladder may not empty
completely. Stagnation of urine
can cause growth of bacteria,
which may lead to an infection.
•
•
•
•
Urinary tract infections usually develop first in the lower urinary tract (urethra,
bladder) and, if not treated, progress to the upper urinary tract (ureters, kidneys).
Each type of UTI may result in more specific signs and symptoms, depending on
which part of your urinary tract is infected:
Urethritis. Inflammation or infection of the urethra leads to burning with urination and
sometimes pus in your urine. In men, urethritis may cause penile discharge.
Cystitis. Inflammation or infection of your bladder may result in pressure in the pelvis
and lower abdomen and strong-smelling urine.
Acute pyelonephritis. Infection of your kidneys may occur after spreading from an
infection in your bladder. Kidney infection can cause flank pain, high fever, shaking
chills, and nausea or vomiting. This requires urgent treatment and can lead to
reduced kidney function and possibly even death in untreated, severe cases.
Note: This is not a sign
of UTI!!!
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Women who are sexually active tend to have more UTIs. Sexual intercourse can
irritate the urethra, allowing germs to more easily travel through the urethra into the
bladder. Women who use diaphragms for birth control also may be at higher risk.
After menopause UTIs may become more common because tissues of the vagina,
urethra and the base of the bladder become thinner and more fragile due to loss of
estrogen.. Women who use a diaphragm develop infections more often, and condoms
with spermicidal foam may cause the growth of E. coli in the vagina, which may enter
the urethra.
Urinary catheterization (i.e., insertion of a small tube into the bladder through the
urethra to drain urine) can also cause UTI by introducing bacteria into the urinary
tract. The risk for developing a UTI increases when long-term catheterization is
required.
In infants, bacteria from soiled diapers can enter the urethra and cause UTI. E. coli
may also enter the urethral opening when young girls do not wipe from front to back
after a bowel movement.
Other risk factors include the following:
Bladder outlet obstructions (e.g., kidney stones)
Conditions that cause incomplete bladder emptying (e.g., spinal cord injury)
Congenital (present at birth) abnormalities of the urinary tract (e.g., vasicoureteral
reflux)
Diabetes and other chronic illnesses that may impair the immune system
Being uncircumcised
Certain blood types enable bacteria to attach more easily to cells that line the urinary
tract, causing recurrent UTIs.
•
•
•
If symptoms of a urinary infection are present, a doctor should be contacted
promptly. A urinalysis, sometimes followed by a urine culture, can reveal
whether there is an infection. Although no simple test can differentiate
between an upper and lower urinary tract infection, the presence of fever
and flank pain would likely indicate kidney infection.
Test strips dipped into a urine sample can detect indirect signs of infection
such as blood, protein, white blood cells and nitrites (most common bacteria
convert nitrate, which is a chemical normally present in urine into nitrites,
which are not usually present).
A clean midstream urine sample should be sent to the laboratory for a
microscopy examination. A level of 100,000 bacteria per millilitre of urine is
regarded as a significant infection, especially if found together with pus or
white blood cells (leucocytes) on microscopy. Any infecting bacteria are
cultured in the laboratory to assess their sensitivity to common antibiotics
•
•
•
•
•
•
Bladder infections and other urinary tract infections are often treated with antibacterial
drugs. The type of drug used and the duration of treatment depend on the type of
bacteria. Most UTIs are treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (e.g., Bactrim®,
Cotrim®, Septra®), amoxicillin (e.g., Amoxil®, Trimox®), or fluoroquinolones (e.g.,
Levaquin®, Cipro®). The infection may improve within a couple of days, but 1 to 2
weeks of medication is may be prescribed to prevent a kidney infection.
UTIs that are caused by bacteria such as chlamydia trachomatis and mycoplasma
hominis require a longer course of treatment with tetracycline (e.g., Achromycin®),
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or doxycycline (e.g., Periostat®).
Infections complicated by bladder outlet obstructions (e.g., kidney stone, BPH) and
other risk factors (e.g., spinal cord injury) may require surgery to correct the cause of
UTI. Kidney infections may require hospitalization and as many as 6 weeks of
antibiotic treatment to prevent serious kidney damage.
Over-the-counter pain relievers (e.g., Tylenol®, Advil®) and a heating pad may be
used to relieve discomfort caused by UTI. Drinking plenty of water helps to cleanse
bacteria out of the urinary tract. Coffee, alcohol, and smoking should be avoided.
Frequent UTI (3 or more per year) may be treated with low-dose antibiotics for 6
months or longer or with a 1 to 2 day course when symptoms appear.
Follow up urinalysis is performed after treatment to make sure that the urinary tract is
bacteria free.
The following measures can reduce the risk for bladder infections and other UTIs:
• Drink plenty of water to remove bacteria from the urinary tract.
• Avoid products that may irritate the urethra (e.g., bubble bath, scented feminine
products).
• Cleanse the genital area before sexual intercourse.
• Avoid using a diaphragm or condoms coated with spermicide.
• Change sanitary napkins often.
• Change soiled diapers in infants and toddlers promptly.
• Do not routinely resist the urge to urinate.
• Avoid constipation.
• Take showers instead of baths.
• Urinate after sexual intercourse.
• Women and girls should wipe from front to back after voiding to prevent
contaminating the urethra with bacteria from the anal area.
“All About Urinary Tract Infections”. TeensHealth.(2005). 18 Nov. 2005
<http://kidshealth.org/teen/sexual_health/stds/uti.html>
“Urinary Tract Infections”. Urology Channel.(2005).17 Nov. 2005
<http://www.urologychannel.com/uti/index.shtml>
“Urinary Tract Infections in Adults”. National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse
(NKUDIC). (2005).19 Nov. 2005 <http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/utiadult/>
“Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)”. Netdoctor.co.uk. (2005). 15 Nov. 2005
<http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/urinaryinfection.htm>
“Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)”. Sexually Transmitted Disease Resource. (2005). 20 Nov. 2005
<http://herpes-coldsores.com/std/urinary_tract_infections.htm>
“Women’s Health – Urinary Tract Infections”. About – Health and Fitness.(2005). 19 Nov. 2005
<http://womenshealth.about.com/cs/bladderhealth/a/UTI.htm>
“Women’s Health – Urinary Tract Infection”. MayoClinic.com. (2005). 20 Nov. 2005
<http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/urinary-tract-infection/DS00286>