Transcript Document

School Feeding Programs
Donald Bundy
The World Bank
APPG School Meals, London, UK
March 4, 2014
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Poverty: Percentage of population living in households with
consumption or income per person below the poverty line
The poverty line estimates use Purchasing Power Parity exchange rates.
World Bank. http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Hunger: Percentage of population below the minimum level of
dietary energy consumption (2002-05)
The proportion of the population below the minimum level of dietary energy consumption, referred to as the
prevalence of undernourishment, is the percentage of the population that is undernourished or food deprived.
Figures are from latest available year.
FAO. State of Food and Agriculture, 2007; FAO. State of Food Insecurity, 2008.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Primary school completion rate (2000-06)
Primary completion rate is the total number of students in grade 6 (excluding repeaters) divided by the total number
of children of grade age. Figures are from latest available year. All data are from the UNESCO Institute for Statistics
except for Australia, Canada, China, Japan, New Zealand, Sweden, Thailand, and the United Kingdom, which are from
national data.
UNESCO Institute for Statistic. http://stats.uis.unesco.org
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
School feeding: Country programs (2006-08)
Category 1: Countries where school feeding is available in most schools, sometimes or always; Category 2: Countries where
school feeding is available in some way and at some scale; Category 3: Countries where school feeding is available primarily
in the most food insecure regions; Category 4: Countries where there is no school feeding. The sources, as detailed in the
database link, are WFP data for low income and lower middle income countries and national data for the remaining
countries.
Partnership for Child Development. http://www.schoolsandhealth.org/Pages/SchoolNutritionFoodforEducation.aspx
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Children receiving school meals around the world
Map from C. Burbano de Lara et al. State of School Feeding Worldwide. World Food Programme, 2013.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
School Feeding as a Safety Net
Appropriateness
Relatively easy to scale in crisis
Adequacy
Good (>10% of HH income)
Equity
Moderate to Good
(lowest where ED low)
Cost-effectiveness
Incentive compatibility
Poor to Moderate
(20-40% non-transfer costs)
Good, could be Very Good
Sustainability
Good
Dynamism
Usually not
Adapted from D. Bundy, C. Burbano, M. Grosh, A. Gelli, M. Jukes, and L. Drake. Rethinking
School Health. World Bank, 2009.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
EDUCATION: Quality of the evidence
Enrolment
Attendance
Educational
achievement
Cognition
School meals
+++ (♀ effect)
+++
+++
+++
Take-home rations
+++ (♀ effect)
+++
+++
++
Fortified biscuits
+
++
+
++
Dietary iron
+
+++
+++
+++
Deworming
NA
+++
++
++
Intervention
+ = evidence from quasi-experimental evaluation
++ = evidence from at least one RCT
+++ = evidence from more than one RCT
NA = not assessed
Adapted from D. Bundy, C. Burbano, M. Grosh, A. Gelli, M. Jukes, and L. Drake. Rethinking
School Health. World Bank, 2009. .
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
School feeding cost and outcomes
Adapted from R. Galloway, E. Kristjansson, A. Gelli, U. Meir, F. Espejo, and D. Bundy. “School Feeding:
Outcomes and Costs.” Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 30.2 (2009): 171-82.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Multiple Impacts, Multiple Objectives
• Social protection: income transfer,
targeting, social safety net
• Education: participation, learning &
cognition
• Health & nutrition: energy/micronutrients,
spill-overs
• Agriculture?
H. Alderman and D. Bundy. “School Feeding Programs and Development: Are We Framing the Question
Correctly?” World Bank Observer. 27.2 (2012): 204-21.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Take up of School Meals in Primary School
100
90
Percentage of Students
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
No Subsidy
Public Subsidy
Free for All
Data primarily from C. Harper, L. Wood, and C. Mitchell. “The Provision of School Food in 18 Countries.” School
Food Trust. (2008).
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Coverage is 18% in poor countries compared to
49% in wealthier countries
Low-Income Countries
Lower-Middle-Income Countries
C. Burbano de Lara et al. State of School Feeding Worldwide. World Food Programme, 2013.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Targeting of School Meals
C. Burbano de Lara et al. State of School Feeding Worldwide. World Food Programme, 2013.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Annual Number of Teaching/School Days in Primary
School, 2011
250
Number of Days
200
150
100
50
0
Number of Teaching Days per year, Primary (2011)
Data primarily from OECD Education at a Glance 2013 and UNESCO "Teachers and Educational Quality:
Monitoring Global Needs for 2015" (2006).
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Average Cost per Meal, 2008
9
8
7
USD, 2008
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
High Income Country
Middle Income Country
Low Income Country
Data primarily from A. Gelli and R. Daryanani. “Are School Feeding Programs in Low Income Settings
Sustainable?” (2013). Original data were annual costs, so totals were divided by 200 days to
estimate average cost per school meal.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Costs of School Feeding and Primary Education Per
Child
Chart from Aulo Gelli, Partnership for Child Development; International Food Policy Research Institute
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Ratio of Cost of School Feeding to Cost of Basic
Education per Child
Chart from Aulo Gelli, Partnership for Child Development; International Food Policy Research Institute
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Average Cost of a School Meal in current USD
8
7
6
USD, current
5
4
3
2
1
0
Cost per meal
Data primarily from C. Harper, L. Wood, and C. Mitchell. “The Provision of School Food in 18 Countries.” School
Food Trust. (2008).
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Average Cost of a School Meal in
current USD
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
8
7
USD, current
6
5
4
3
2
No Subsidy
Public Subsidy
Free for All
Japan
Finland
Sweden
USA
Hong Kong
Scotland
Northern Ireland
France
Brazil
Wales
England
Italy
Spain
Ireland
Canada
1
Australia
Percentage of Students
Take up of School Meals in
Primary School
0
Cost per meal
Data primarily from C. Harper, L. Wood, and C. Mitchell. “The Provision of School Food in 18 Countries.”
School Food Trust. (2008).
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
School Nutrition Standards and Obesity Concerns
Country
Food-Based Standards or Guidelines
Nutrient Based Standards or Guidelines
England
Scotland
Wales
Northern Ireland
Ireland
France
Spain
Italy
Germany*
Sweden
Finland
Hong Kong
Japan
Canada
USA
Australia
Brazil
Chile
Ghana
India
South Africa*
Kenya
Light Green = Yes
White = No
*Has nutritional standards but not specified as food or nutrients based
Data primarily from C. Harper, L. Wood, and C. Mitchell. “The Provision of School Food in 18 Countries.” School
Food Trust. (2008).
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Government Concerned about Obesity
Responses to Financial Crisis
• Greece: philanthropies and government
programs are providing school food, including
take-home rations in targeted areas where
children are living in food insecure families
• Portugal: children living in municipalities worst
affected by the financial crisis are receiving meals
on school holidays
• Spain: offering free, rather than subsidized,
lunches to the 12,000 children eligible previously
for low- cost meals
D. Bundy and L. Schultz. “Next time it could be you: Why we should all care about International School Meals
Day.” Investing in Health: News and Views in Healthy Development. Worldbank.org. March 2014.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014
Responses to Financial Crisis
• Scotland: in pilots, coverage increased from 53%
to 75% of children in the first three years of
school; target is that all children will have the
option of a free meal by Jan 2015
• United States: in 2007, 59% of publicly provided
school meals served to children who met the
eligibility criteria for free/reduced price meals; by
2013 the proportion had increased to 70.5%.
D. Bundy and L. Schultz. “Next time it could be you: Why we should all care about International School Meals
Day.” Investing in Health: News and Views in Healthy Development. Worldbank.org. March 2014.
Presentation by Donald Bundy to the All Party Parliamentary Group on School Meals, in London; March 4, 2014