Transcript Energy Conservation Seminar for Mosque Sector November

Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4. PV hybrid systems
within mini-grid
Date
Title
Sub-title
Grid
connection
Supplied
power
Size
Genset
Other
RNE
Battery
system
Note
April 1
(Tue)
SHS
DC SHS
Off
DC
< 1kW
No
No
Yes
By Mr. Wade
AC SHS
Off
AC
< 1kW
No
No
Yes
By Mr. Wade
April 2
(Wed)
Mini grid
PV Mini
grid
Off
AC
1 - 50kW
No
No
Yes
50 to 600
Households
Battery
charge
station
PV hybrid
systems
within
mini-grid
Off
AC
10 – 500kW
Optional
(a few
hours
per day)
Wind
biomass
micro-hydro
etc.
Optional
New
components
Grid
connected
large PV
system
On
AC
> 40kW
No
No
Optional
With reliable
grid
(24H supply)
Grid
connected
hybrid
system
On
AC
> 100kW
Basically
No.
Optional
(a few
hours
per day)
Wind
biomass
micro-hydro
etc.
Optional
With reliable
grid
(24H supply)
April 3
(Thu)
Grid
connected
Large PV
system &
Hybrid
system
1
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-1. System configuration
PV panel
Wind
Biomass
Micro-hydro
Inverter
Genset (runs for only
a few hours per day)
PCS
Battery
Isolated, low voltage
AC distribution systems
For a village
(10 – 500kW)
Delivers the power to the
households and common
equipments through a grid
2
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-2. Examples (1)
• Installed in 2004 at Noyon, Mongolia by NEDO (Sharp)
• 3 phase AC for school, hospital, government office and
residential houses
• 200kW PV, 2 * 1,000Ah battery, 3 * 100kW gensets
• To realize suitable load dispatching for 3 gensets
Source: NEDO
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-2. Examples (1)
Power center 100kW
PC SL1
Generation 28,477kWh
Charging 5,796kWh
Generation 19,009kWh
Battery #1
PC SL2
Battery #2
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
Diesel generator #1 - #3
Generation 28,850kWh
Charging 4,318kWh
Hospital 40kW
PC SL3
Wee hours
Generation 7,274kWh
School 40kW
PC SL5
Total power supply
95,299kWh
Daytime
Nighttime
AM
PM
Supply from PV
Charge to battery
Supply from genset
Supply from battery
Generation 7,176kWh
Sum center 10kW
PC SL6
Operation pattern
Generation 2,570kWh
Communication
center 10kW
PC SL4
Source: NEDO
Generation 2,091kWh
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-2. Examples (1)
• Key point in Operation
– Rational use of generated power
 Awareness of energy conservation
 Use of high energy efficiency appliances
– Reasonable tariff system
 Avoid no charge and/or fixed price
 Charge it on consumed energy
– Fairness on charge collection system
– Development/improvement of distribution system
Source: NEDO
5
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-2. Examples (2)
• Installed in 2006 at Udomsai, Lao by NEDO (TEPCO+IEEJ)
• 200V AC for 10 villages (approx 900 houses, 5,000 peoples)
• 100kW PV, 80kW micro-hydro, 8 * 7.5kW pumps
• Instead of battery, use pumped storage system
Source: NEDO
6
System configuration
Transformer
10 Villages, 900 households, 5,000 peoples
Upper dam
PV array (100kW)
Dummy load governor
Upper
reservoir
Spillway
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-2. Examples (2)
Lifting pump (7.5kW * 8 )
Mini hydro (80kW)
Lower
reservoir
Source: NEDO
7
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-2. Examples (2)
Operation
Pattern 1
Pump up at daytime, generation by mini-hydro
at nighttime
Pattern 3
Pattern 2 + pump up at light load hours in night
pattern
Pattern 2
Pattern 1 + generation by river-in-flow
Pattern 4
Load dispatching by PV and mini-hydro
Source: NEDO
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-3. Other power source: Genset
Principle
Diesel generator
Continuous combustion ->
Combustion gas ->
Reciprocating motion ->
Rotational motion by
crankshaft
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Gas engine
Gas turbine
Continuous combustion ->
Heat energy of combustion
gas -> Rotational motion by
turbine
Feature
Disadvantage
• High heat efficiency (35-45%)
• Low cost
• Rapid start-up
• Automatic start/stop
• Vibration
• Noise
• Emission (NOx)
• Cleaner emission than DG
• Smaller than DG
• Available dual fuel system
• Vibration
• Noise
• Compact and light weight
• No cooling water
• Good for rapid load change
• Good starting performance
• Possible no load operation
• Small vibration
• Slow start-up than
DG
• Large fuel
consumption
• Large air intake and
emission
9
Fuel consumption vs output of diesel generator
– High fuel consumption ratio under 50% output
112
160
100
140
76
120
56
100
Fuel consumption (%)
•
Fuel consumption ratio (%)
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-3. Other power source: Genset
39
80
25
50
75
100 110
Output (%)
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
Features
•
•
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
•
•
•
•
Environmental friendliness
Clean energy contributing global
warming
Short construction time and easy
maintenance
Regional vitalization
Reduction of running cost at
existing water facility
More reliable energy source than
PV or Wind
Source: NEDO
11
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
•
•
•
•
Utilize water flow and head (potential energy)
– Generated power
= gravitational-const. x flow x head
How to utilize water
– Run-off
– Reservoir (for seasonal operation)
– Pondage (for daily operation)
– Pumped storage
How to get head
– Channel type
– Dam type
– Dam and channel type
Special type for Mini-hydro
– Direct installation at gate/weir
– Alternative to pressure regulator
Source: NEDO
12
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
Type
Feature
Flow
control
Horizontal
Francis
turbine
 Wide range in head and flow
 Installed widely from small to
large scale
 Controlled flow by guide-vane, but
expensive
Yes
Horizontal
propeller
water
turbine
 Good for small head
 No flow controller
 For seasonal change of water
flow, multiple units installation is
made.
No
Reverse
pump
turbine
 Generation by reverse rotation of
conventional pump
 Low cost, low efficiency
No
Source: NEDO
13
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
Type
Feature
Flow
control
All-in-one
submerged
turbine with
generator
 Generation by reverse rotation of
submerged pump with generator
 Low cost, low efficiency
 Need Access to machine by
taking out from water
No
Cross-flow
water
turbine
 For middle/small scale
 With guide vane
 Low efficiency degradation at
small flow
 Simple structure, easy
maintenance
Yes
Pelton
turbine
 Good for large head
 Installed widely from small to
large scale
 Low cost, low efficiency
 Flow control by needle
 Expensive
Yes
Source: NEDO
14
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
Type
Feature
Flow
control
Turgoimpulse
turbine
 For medium/small scale
 Flow control by moving needle
inside nozzle
 Low efficiency degradation at
small flow
 Simple structure, easy
maintenance
Yes
Overshot/
undershot
water wheel
 What we call waterwheel
 Not for generation because of low
head and small flow, but good for
monument
 Simple structure, easy
maintenance
No
Source: NEDO
15
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
•
Possible application
Target
flow
River
Channel
Target site
Characteristics
Flow
Head/Pressure
Others
Mountain stream
Mountain runoff
Sand prevention
dam
 Torrent
 Large fluctuation
 Possible heavy
flood
 Easily obtainable
head by steep
slope
 Suffering driftwood
 Risk of banking
sand, landslide or
water disaster
 Maintenance of
river system
Hilly area,
highland,
Slope section of
flat land or water
intake facility
 Fluctuation
 Possible of
flood/drought
 Flow-down of
garbage
 Possible water
pollution
 Hard to obtain
large head except
for heavy slope
 Near to demand
area
 Limitation of usage
by flood/drought
 Necessity of dust
removal
 Maintenance of
river system
 Environmental
friendliness
16
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
•
Possible application
Target flow
Agricultural
water
Target site
Characteristics
Flow
Head/Pressure
Others
Main line
Channel
Water pipe line
 Large difference
in flow between
irrigation season
and non-irrigation
season
 Hard to obtain
large head by
low-gradient
 Depends on height
of end-point
Sub line
 Difference in flow
between irrigation
season and nonirrigation season
Control point
of flow,
pressure and
inclination
 Fluctuation of
intake by
agricultural field
 Flow-down of
garbage
 Necessity of dust
removal
 Maintenance of
river system
 Environmental
friendliness
 Easily obtainable
head, but maybe
small head
 Modification or
improvement of
existing facility
17
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
•
Possible application
Target flow
Target site
Characteristics
Flow
Head/Pressure
Others
Industrial
and daily
life water
Water
transmission
line
 Relatively
constant flow
 Easily obtainable
head by remote
demand area from
source
 Possible water
pipe
Industrial
effluent
and
sewage
Discharge
channel
 Easily obtainable
of constant flow
 Depends on tail
water level
 Water quality
 Emergency
stop by facility
trouble
In-house
supply and
drain water
system
Supply and
drain water
channel
 Stable
 Various flow
quantity depends
on production
process
 Utilization of
regulated and
surplus water
pressure
 Easily obtainable
head or pressure
 Necessity of
consideration
about
harmlessness
against primary
water use
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
•
Example of direct installation
Gate
Generator
•
Water
intake
Example of installation at sand prevention dam
Sand
prevention
dam
Water channel
Generator
house
19
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-4. Other power source: Micro-hydro
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Egasaki control room, Water works dept of Kawasaki city
Water source: Piping for city water
Purification
Utilization of head at water piping
plant
Head
Max available head: 36.09m [118.4ft]
Water
flow
Horizontal propeller hydraulic turbine (2 sets)
Water flow: 0.6m3/s [21.2 ft3/s]
Output: 170kW(max), 90kW(normal)
Existing
pressure
regulator
Expected energy generated: 540,000kWh/year
Generator
Distribution
reservoir
Source: Kawasaki city
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy
Features
• Stock-able fuel
• Clean energy
– Carbon neutral
– Low NOX and SOX emission
– Carbon dioxide absorption via
tree planting
• Renewable energy to realize
recycling society
• Contribution to job creation and/or
industry revitalization
• Vitalization of agricultural
community
Source: NEDO
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy
• Biomass resources
Unutilized
resource
Woody material
Remaining materials at forest land, thinned wood, unused tree
Remaining material of lumbering, scrap wood from construction,
others
Paper
Used paper, sludge from paper production, black liquor
Agricultural
residue
Rice straw, rice husk, straw, bagasse, others
Night soil, dung
and sludge
Cow dung, pig dung, chicken dung, others
Leftover food
Waste from food processing
Sewage sludge, sludge from night soil purification
wholesale market and food retailing
Kitchen waste from home and restaurant
Waste cooking oil
Productive
resource
Others
Landfill gas, waste fiber
Woody material
Short cycle cultivated lumber
Herbal material
Grass, waterweed, see grass
Others
Sugar, starch, palm oil, rape oil
22
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy
• Biomass processing
Thermo chemical
conversion
Direct combustion
gasification
Molten gasification
Partial oxidation gasification
Cold fluidized bed gasification
Supercritical water gasification
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Liquidization
Fast pylolysis
Slurry fuel
Carbonization
Esterification
Biochemical
conversion
Methane fermentation
Wet process
Dry process
Two-stage fermentation
Ethanol fermentation
23
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy
• Direct combustion system for woody material
Silo
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Lumber mill
Scrap wood
Power to factory load
Power to
other load
Turbine/
generator
Boiler
Source: NEDO
24
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy
• Gasification generation system for woody material
Hawking unit
Gasification unit
Slide gate
Electric cylinder
Engine generator
Belt conveyer
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
Gasifyer
Rostle
oscillating
unit
Electric valve
Heat recovery unit
Electric valve
Electric
cylinder
Waste gas combustion unit
Bypass
Control
panel
On/Off signal
Automatic igniter
Propane gas bottle
Auxiliary
panel
Source: NEDO
25
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy
• Typical example of furnace
Rotary kiln
Source: NEDO
Stoker furnace
26
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy
• Yagi bio ecology center
Yagi bio ecology center
Fermenter, gas holder
Generator
Source: NEDO
27
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-5. Other power source: Biomass energy
• Yagi bio ecology center
Digestive gas
Frementer
Cow dung, pig
dung, straw,
sawdust
Bean curd
refuse
Gas
holder
Receiving
tank
Liquid fertilizer
Digestion Digestion tank
bath
Surplus gas
combustion
Hydro
extractor
Hot water
boiler
(backup)
Hot
water
Waste water
treatment
(Existing)
Power
Waste water
treatment
Dehydrated cake
Raw water
tank
Compost
Gas
holder
Desulfer
ization
Digestive gas
Generator
Digestive juice
Effluent to river
Frementer
Digestion
tank
Reuse
Source: NEDO
28
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-6. Other power source: Wind power
Features
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Clean energy
– No carbon dioxide emission
Domestic energy resource
Renewable energy
Most economical among new
energy resources
Stable generation cost
Awareness for energy and global
warming issue
Contribution to local region
Source: NEDO
29
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-6. Other power source: Wind power
Up wind
Horizontal axis
Propeller
Down wind
Horizontal
axis
Sail wing
Propeller
Holland type
Multi-bladed
Windmill
Holland type
Darrieus
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Sail wing
Lift type
Multi-bladed
Vertical axis
Lift type
Straight wing
Vertical
axis
Sabonius type
Darrieus
Straight wing
Puddle
Drag type
Cross-flow
Sabonius type
Puddle
S-shaped rotor
Cross-flow
S-shaped rotor
Source: NEDO
30
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-6. Other power source: Wind power
Type
Feature
Horizontal axis






Simple structure
High efficiency
Easy to scale-up
Good for generation
Need yaw control for up-wind type
Heavy load exists in nacelle.
Vertical
axis







Not depend on wind direction
Heavy load exists on ground.
Easy manufacturing of blade compared to propeller
Hard to control rotation speed
Need large torque in start-up
Lower efficiency rather than horizontal axis type
Large footprint
Lift
type
 Good for generation by higher peripheral velocity than wind
speed
 Less blades has higher peripheral velocity
Drag
type





Many application in small scale
Large torque
Peripheral velocity is less than wind speed
Good for pump-up and grinding flour
Lower efficiency than lift type
Source: NEDO
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-6. Other power source: Wind power
Blade
Anemovane
Nacelle
Hub
Generator
Console
Report
Drive train axis
Rotor axis
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Brake system
Speed-up
gear
Monitoring system
Yaw drive unit
Distribution line
Tower
Power conversion system
Display
board
Protection
system
Transf
ormer
Communication line
Controller
Foundation
Power pole
Source: NEDO
32
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-6. Other power source: Wind power
3 phase AC
(power freq.)
Speed-up
gear
Rotor
(fixed speed)
Induction
generator
(a) AC link (Induction generator)
3 phase AC
(control freq.)
3 phase AC
(power freq.)
Converter
Speed-up
gear
Rotor
(variable speed)
Induction
generator
Inverter
3 phase AC
(power freq.)
(b) DC link (Induction generator)
3 phase AC
(control freq.)
DC
Synchronous Converter
generator
Rotor
(variable speed)
3 phase AC
(power freq.)
Inverter
(c) DC link (Synchronous generator)
Source: NEDO
33
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Planning & design
System, equip. spec., supplier, capacity, supply
characteristics, reliability, cost and so on.
Survey of various REN
Concept design of the system
Demand characteristics, energy cost, electricity tariff
Investigation of target site
REN main unit, inverter, grid connection, battery, env.
measure
Determination of equipment spec.
Estimate supplied power and energy
Estimate project cost
Generation cost,
distribution cost,
cash flow
Determine operation pattern
Estimate maintenance cost
Estimate total running cost
Analyze cost/benefit
Effect on environmental protection
Effect on energy conservation
Implementation
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Check list on planning (1)
• Concept and purpose
– For what?
 Purposed should be shared among concerned
parties.
– Where?
 In existing facility or not? Exact location.
– What load?
 Characteristics and size of load. Enough space
for installed equipment?
– Which system?
 Isolated or grid-connected? With battery or not?
– When and how much?
 Construction schedule and cost. Can it be
available?
35
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Planning & design
• Output fluctuation of REN
– Effect on voltage and frequency
– Traditional generator absorbs fluctuation of load, but
REN generates fluctuation.
– Without output adjustable power source, it’s very
difficult to keep voltage and frequency.
• Measures
– Measures at each REN
– Hybrid with other power source
– Use of battery system
– Use of dummy load
36
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Planning & design
• How to have power source for base load
– Requirement
 Reliability
 Power controllability
 Low generation cost
• Can REN be a base power source?
– Micro-hydro: Possible, if stable flow exists.
– Wind: Low reliability. But wind firm may be.
– PV: No, because of daytime only
– Biomass: Possible, if stable fuel supply exists.
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
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3-4-7. Planning & design
•
Combination of various REN
Reliability
Power
controllability
Generation
cost
Constrain
on site
Difficulty on
maintenance
Total evaluation
Micro-hydro
(river-in-flow)
Micro-hydro
(storage pond)
Wind
PV
Biomass
38
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
3-4-7. Planning & design
•
Hybrid of REN (without genset)
a.
Improve reliability


b.
Improve power controllability and realize output smoothing

c.
Complementary combination:
Enlarge storage reservoir
Not one big REN, but many small REN
Common-use of electrical equipment
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
Power source for base load
PV
Biomass
Micro-hydro
(storage
pond)
Micro-hydro
(river-in-flow)
b
a, b
a
a, b, c,
a, b, c,
c
Micro-hydro
(river-in-flow)
a, c
a, c
Micro-hydro
(storage pond)
a, c
Wind
Wind
PV
b
Biomass
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Planning & design of micro-hydro
•
Concept design of micro-hydro
– Layout of major engineering structure
– Identify head
– Investigate information of water flow
– Design of max water consumption
•
Basic design of major engineering structure
– Civil
– Electrical
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Planning & design of wind power
•
Concept design
– Site selection
– Investigate information of wind condition
– Investigate surrounding natural and social condition
•
Basic design
– Detail survey of wind condition
– Wind measurement (point, method)
– Analysis of measured data
– Simulation
– Evaluation  Finalize point and capacity
– Environmental assessment
– Land and soil survey
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Planning & design of biomass energy
•
Concept design
– Identify biomass resource
 Cost
 Supply stability
– How to collect biomass?
 In-house, collection, delivered
– Investigation of plant size
 Amount of biomass resource, area, demand
– How to use energy (power, heat)
– Reuse/disposal of by-product (dust, sludge, effluent…)
42
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Check list on planning (2)
• Project team
–
–
–
–
Establish team and assign project manager
How to select the designer?
What is bidding strategy of construction work?
How can we maintain and manage the system?
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Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Check list on planning (3)
• Site survey
– Ambient environment
 Any obstacles to receive energy resources?
 Shadow of building, tree, mountain, stack, utility pole, steel
tower, sign board and so on.
 Effect of fallen leaves and sand dust, snow cover (depth and
frequency)
 Salt and/or lightning damage, wind condition – collect all
the possible obstacles
– Installed site
 Shape, width, direction, drainage, condition of foundation,
volume of construction work, carry-in route, Waterproof of
the building, effect on landscape
– Electrical facility
 Existing diagram and plot plan, space availability, wiring
route and space carry-in route
44
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Check list on planning (4)
• Preliminary consultation
– Local authority – Construction work, fire department,
necessity of permission
– Available subsidy
– Information collection from expert/consultants
• Concept check
– Is it firm concept? Site, load, system size and
configuration
– Is schedule fixed?
– Is budget made based on expected generation
output and its cost?
45
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-7. Check list on design (5)
•
•
•
•
Reconfirmation of design condition
– Firm policy? – For what? Where? How big? How is the system?
When? How much?
– Constraints – Ambient environment, Site condition, existing
electrical equipment, regulation, necessary procedure
Design
– Direction and angle of PV panel – maximize output under the given
condition
– Array configuration and its installation
– Foundation, mounting frame, waterproof, intensity calculation
– Material, antirust and anti-corrosion of mounting frame material
– Compliance with regulation
– In accordance with the project purpose
– Established schedule, expected result and project cost.
Application
– Subsidy
– Application for local authority
Design check
– Fixed detail design, budget, construction schedule?
– Finish all the necessary application?
– Completed adequate bidding?
46
Marshall Islands March 31-April 11, 2008
e8 / PPA Solar PV Design Implementation O&M
3-4-8. Operation & maintenance
•
•
•
•
Load forecasting is most important.
Aim to full utilize PV power.
Reserve battery energy for emergency case.
Adjust charge/discharge energy in
accordance with varying load.
•
•
•
•
Daytime: Battery charge by REN source
Nighttime: Battery discharge for load
Investigate charge/discharge time
Calculate required battery capacity
Source: NEDO
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