Transcript LE POLITICHE SOCIALI DEL GRUPPO FS: UNA RICOGNIZIONE
IV INTERNATIONAL MEDIA FORUM ON THE PROTECTION OF NATURE “PROTECTION OF NATURE, PROTECTION OF HEALTH”
Tools for a sustainable mobility to clash the traffic and pollution in the urban area: a critical review Carlo Carminucci Director Research Area of Isfort
Villa Mondragone, October 2006
This presentation is divided into two sections
1. A short description of the characteristics of the demand for urban mobility, starting from data supplied by “Audimob”, Observatory on Italians’ Mobility Styles and Behaviors 2. A concise review of the policies and measures for a sustainable urban mobility, with a few examples of good practices
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
First section THE DEMAND FOR URBAN MOBILITY: MAIN OUTLINES
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Cars, increasingly more the monopolists in urban transport
(percentage share of journeys)
Towns over 250,000 inhabitans 78,9 Total 81,9 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 10,0 61,3 28,6 11,6 60,6 2004 2005 Towns over 100,000 inhabitan s 9,8 67,5 22,7 9,8 68,0 8,4 12,7 7,6 10,6 22,2 2004 2005 Towns less than 100,000 inhabitans 88,0 83,4 2004 Motorcycles Cars Public transport 2005 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 7,8 2004 8,8 6,6 2005 28,4 5,4 Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
Public transport holds out in medium and large towns
(percentage share of journeys)
35 Total 20 11,8 11,7 5 35 2000 2001 26,7 22,3 27,4 22,5 20 7,2 7,3 5 2000 2001 Towns over 100,000 inhabitans Tools for sustainable mobility 13,6 12,3 12,7 10,6 2002 30,5 24,7 2003 28,5 22,4 2004 28,6 22,7 2005 28,4 22,2 9,1 8,3 2002 2003 Towns over 250,000 inhabitans 8,8 5,4 2004 2005 Towns less than 100,000 inhabitans Villa Mondragone october 2006
The basic segmentations of the demand for urban mobility
(% of journeys)
40 34,7 32,2 32,5 30,5 30,2 30 29,4 35,4 29,8 31,1 Motivations 20 Frequency 10 0 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 40 Work 71,8 4,7 5,3 4,2 Sistematic journeys 29,9 27,6 30,1 Family management 2003 Spare time 28,2 29,1 27,1 Non sistematic journeys 2004 30 70,9 72,9 Study 26,8 25,4 27,1 24,8 Length 20 10 15,7 11,4 18,4 17,8 16,6 9,8 10,7 7,8 0 Tools for sustainable mobility Till 1 km From 1 to 2 km From 2 to 5 km 2005 From 5 to 10 km Over 10 km Villa Mondragone october 2006
Urban mobility in towns with over 100,000 inhabitants: length of journeys by transport means
(% of journeys)
Pedestrian mobility Bicycles Motocycles Cars Public transport Combined transport (public and private means) Total Till 1 Km 75,0 4,4 2,7 15,4 2,3 0,2 100,0 From 1 to 2 Km 31,3 9,5 6,2 42,8 10,0 From 2 to 5 Km 9,1 3,5 8,0 59,7 18,8 0,2 100,0 1,0 100,0 From 5 to 10 Km 1,3 9,4 63,3 20,7 5,4 100,0 Over 10 Km 0,4 9,9 67,7 12,4 9,6 100,0 Total 24,8 3,8 7,0 48,4 13,4 2,6 100,0 Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
Satisfaction indexes for public transport
(% of population and averages scores 1-10)
2005 2004 2003 11,4 5,9 6,4 22,7 18,7 24,7 2005 2004 2003 6,3 4,1 3,8 14,2 19,6 13,1 38,7 50,1 43,4 53,1 45,8 59,7 2005 2004 2003 2,8 2,6 10,4 13,9 11,2 18,1 No satisfaction (averages 1-3) Low satisfaction (averages 4-5)
Fonte: Isfort, Osservatorio “Audimob” sulla mobilità, anni vari
47,9 51,0 49,1 18,2 11,8 Averages scores medi 5,88 6,04 21,8 6,29 40,8 39,7 26,2 6,86 6,51 6,95 35,4 35,2 22,4 Medium satisfaction (averages 6-8) High satisfaction (averages 9-10) 6,18 6,81 6.91
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
The average speed of public transport is on the decrease Cars Public transport
Comuni <100.000 abitanti Tutta la popolazione
Tools for sustainable mobility
23,5 22,5 24,5 24,2 22,7 21,8 24,3 23,9 22,1 21,4 24,6 24,0 14,8 14,4 17,5 15,8 16,6 16,7 17,8 17,2 14,3 14,3 17,4 15,6
Villa Mondragone october 2006
Judgment on the measures designed to reduce traffic and pollution The opinion of residents in the medium and large towns
(average scores 1-10)
2005
Apply discounts on public transport season tickets Prevent the circulation of heavy vehicles within the cities Increase the preferential lanes and routes for public transport Prohibit car traffic in old town centers and other crowded zones Modify the opening hours of shops Promote car-pooling arrangements Cause non-residents to pay car parks (park pricing) Charge for the access to old town centers and to the roads obstructed by traffic (road pricing) 8,03 7,86 7,42 7,30 6,67 6,47 5,18 4,83
Tools for sustainable mobility 2004
7,45 7,68 6,85 7,07 6,44 6,64 5,27 5,11
Villa Mondragone october 2006
Judgment on the provisions to fight pollution (%)
45 The following provisions are deemed to have little or no effectiveness 40,0 30 15 11,6 15,0 16,7 23,0 19,3 26,6 23,4 29,2 26,5 0 Divieto di circolazione per i veicoli più inquinanti (auto non catalitiche, vecchi diesel, vecchi motorini) Controllo periodico dei gas di scarico delle auto (bollino blu)
of cars (blue stamp)
Blocco del traffico in alcune giornate (domeniche ecologiche)
Sundays)
Divieto totale della circolazione nelle giornate di emergenza Circolazione a targhe alterne
alternate license plates
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
Second section POLICIES AND MEASURES FOR A SUSTAINABLE URBAN MOBILITY: A CONCISE REVIEW
A summary of policies and measures for a sustainable mobility in the urban area Policies 1. Fares and pricing 2. Management of the demand for urban mobility 3. Public transport 4. Not pollutant modes of transport 5. Land use and transport Measures Road pricing Park pricing Traffic calming Limitation of vehicle traffic Car-pooling Car-sharing Information Technology (ITS) Bus priority Tariff integration Infomobility Bicycle and pedestrian mobility Integrated planning between transport and land use Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
Concrete actions: road pricing
Consolidate practices
Singapore (1975) Middle towns in Norway: Bergen, Oslo, Trondheim (end of ‘80) London Stockholm
Studies and Projects
Middle towns in UK (Bristol, Edinburgh) Paris, Marseille Genoa, Rome, Milan (studies and experiments)
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
A successful case: London’s congestion charge
Introduced in 2003, after many years of studies and modeling simulations.
The interested zone (only on weekdays) is delimited by the Inner Ring Road (22 sq. km.). Starting from February 2007, the area will be extended to the west of the city (a further 20 sq. km.).
After merely a year, considerable results have already been attained: sizable reduction in car traffic (-39%), increase in
public transport (+38%), decrease in bus waiting time ( 30%), decrease in the number of accidents (-9%), and decrease in traffic emissions (-12%, nitrogen oxides and
fine dusts).
Unexpected negative effects: nearly 50% lower returns than expected owing to the extremely high reduction in the number of cars entering the city and the high number of cars that are exempted from the charge.
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
Concrete actions: car-sharing
Car sharing replaces the ownership of a car with a system of car rental by a community of users (multi-owned cars for several users). Car sharing is considered an efficient alternative to the ownership of a car for users who cover less than 10,000 km a year. The introduction of the car-sharing services aims at: separating the use of a car from its ownership, and this applies in particular to that that share of motorists who does not drive the car on a regular basis for its journeys;
minimizing vehicle traffic by stimulating the use of collective
transport; reducing the needs for parking spaces in crowded urban areas, through a drop of the population motorization rates
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
Concrete actions: car sharing
Starting from the 1980s, a growing recourse to car-sharing arrangements has been reported in a few central European countries (Germany, The Netherlands, and Switzerland) and, later on, in the United States and Canada. Considered as a whole, the three European countries rely on over 100 organizations and in excess of 100,000 users. In the United States, 17 car-sharing organizations involve nearly 76,500 members (in 2005) with a vehicle fleet of 1,200 cars. In recent years, a few interesting initiatives have also been developed in Austria, Denmark, France and Italy.
The spread of the car-sharing service proceeded at the same rate as the development and spread of the technologies applied to the mobility sector: telecommunication systems to manage reservations and car-sharing services (web portals for communication among members and the operation headquarters), smart cards for access and financial management (invoicing system), satellite control of vehicles (GPS) and so on.
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
Concrete actions: supporting the use of bicycles
The mobility of urban areas in Europe and particularly in Italy combines well with the bicycle mode of travel (short-distances, facility of access and parking, etc.).
However, this potential is “frustrated” by the conflict between bikes and vehicle traffic.
The promiscuity of the routes and, above all, the speed disparity between bikes and cars reduce to a considerable extent the safety conditions related to the
weaker
mode of transport.
The situation is compounded by the poor quality of urban environments, often characterized by high levels of atmospheric and acoustic pollution. A few experiences: the Bike Offices, “Call-
a-bike”, “Piedibus”.
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006
A final remark
Time and money are scarce!
Urban policies for a sustainable mobility should be:
1. diversified and integrated 2. focused on local pattern 3. effective (strategic level) 4. efficient (operative level)
Tools for sustainable mobility Villa Mondragone october 2006