Transcript Slide 1
Chapter 15 – 16 Circulation and Respiration
The Circulatory System 1
The Heart
• Your heart is an organ made of cardiac muscle tissue.
• Your heart has four compartments called chambers.
• The two upper chambers are called the right and left
atriums
• The two lower chambers are called the right and left
ventricles
The Circulatory System 1
The Heart
• The blood flows only in one direction from an atrium to a ventricle, then from a ventricle into a blood vessel.
• The
septum =
a wall that separates the two atriums or the two ventricles.
• It prevents blood from flowing in the wrong place
Click box to view movie.
1 The Circulatory System
The Heart
• Scientist have divided the circulatory system into three sections – coronary circulation , pulmonary circulation , and systemic circulation.
Heart rate and activity
Activity causes your heart rate to increase What does the mitochondria do?
Mitochondria releases energy from food - sugar Why does the heart have more mitochondria?
The heart never stops working and so it needs more energy
The Circulatory System 1
Systemic Circulation
• Oxygen- rich blood moves to all of your organs and body tissues, except the heart and lungs, by
systemic circulation
, and oxygen-poor blood returns to the heart.
1 The Circulatory System
Systemic Circulation
• Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood from your heart to the body • Nutrients and oxygen are delivered by blood to your body cells and carbon dioxide and wastes are removed.
• Finally, the blood returns to your heart in the veins
The Circulatory System 1
Coronary Circulation
Coronary circulation
, is the flow of blood to and from the tissue of the heart.
A heart attack is w hen the coronary circulation is blocked.
Oxygen and nutrients cannot reach all the cells of the heart
1 The Circulatory System
Pulmonary Circulation
A. Pulmonary circulation
is the flow of blood : 1. from the heart to lungs and 2. back to the heart.
1 The Circulatory System
Pulmonary Circulation
Heart has four chambers Atri ums Vent ricles Valve is a one way passage in heart and vein
Blood flow
Foot Vein From Body –
inferior vena cava right atrium – right ventricle
pulmonary artery – LUNGS p ulmonary vein
left atrium – left ventricle – aorta
-
To Body
Hearts own blood
Superior- above right Inferior below Right atrium Vena= vein
vein heart artery
me P425 text What is this a model for?
Why?
1 The Circulatory System
The Circulatory System
Capillary – smallest vessel that connects arteries to veins O 2 & nutrients Vein Waste and carbon dioxide capillary Artery Nutrient rich, oxygen rich Co 2 & waste
Waste and carbon dioxide, from tissue Nutrients and oxygen to tissue, nutrients leaves capillary into tissues White = tissue Skin, muscle, Heart,etc
Blood flow
Foot Vein From Body –
inferior vena cava right atrium – right ventricle
pulmonary artery – LUNGS p ulmonary vein
left atrium – left ventricle – aorta
-
To Body
Hearts own blood
1 The Circulatory System
How Materials Move Through the Body
•
Materials are moved
throughout your body by your cardiovascular system.
• The cardiovascular includes your heart, ( kilometers of ) blood vessels, and blood.
The Circulatory System 1
How Materials Move Through the Body
• Blood vessels carry blood to every part of your body.
• Blood moves oxygen and nutrients to cells . • Blood carries carbon dioxide and other wastes away from the cells.
Blood is like a train - it carries good stuff to the cells AND - it removes bad stuff
Blood
Parts of Blood
• Blood is a tissue made of plasma,
platelets
and
red
and
white blood cells
.
The liquid part of blood is mostly water and is called
plasma
.
Nutrients
,
minerals
, and
oxygen
are dissolved in plasma and carried to cells.
•Cellular wastes are also carried in plasma
Blood 2
Blood Cells
• Red blood cells contain
hemoglobin,
a molecule, that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
hemoglobin is made
of an iron compound that gives blood its red color.
2
Blood Cells
Blood
Platelets
help clot blood.
Platelets
are irregularly shaped cell fragments
The Circulatory System 1 • At capillaries blood gives nutrients to the tissues oxygen and • At capillaries tissues gives carbon dioxide and waste products to the blood
The Circulatory System • At capillaries blood gives to the tissues oxygen and nutrients • At capillaries tissues gives waste products to the blood carbon dioxide and
The Circulatory System • 1
Blood Vessels – Arteries
Arteries away
are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart.
1 The Circulatory System
Arteries
• Each ventricle of the heart is connected to an artery.
• Every time your heart contracts, blood is moved from your heart into arteries.
The aorta is the largest artery.
The Circulatory System • 1
Veins
Veins are th
e blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart.
Veins have one way valves
The Circulatory System 1
Veins
• The superior vena cava returns blood from your head and neck.
• The inferior vena cava returns blood from your abdomen and lower body.
1 The Circulatory System
Capillaries
• Nutrients and oxygen move (diffuse) into body cells through the thin capillary walls.
• Waste materials and carbon dioxide leave ( diffuse) from body cells into the capillaries.
The Circulatory System • 1
Capillaries
Capillaries
are microscopic blood vessels that connect arteries and veins .
• Capillary walls are only one cell thick.
1 The Circulatory System
Cardiovascular Disease
• Any disease that affects the cardiovascular system — the heart, blood vessels, and blood —can seriously affect the health of your entire body.
• Heart disease is the leading cause of death,
The Circulatory System
Measuring Blood Pressure
1 The Circulatory System
Blood Pressure
• The force of the blood on the walls of the blood vessels is called blood pressure.
• Blood pressure is: highest in arteries and lowest in veins .
Diseases of the Circulatory System
Hypertension
• Hypertension or high blood pressure • Blood pressure higher than normal puts extra strain on the heart.
Diseases of the Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis
• Atherosclerosis - fatty deposits build up on arterial walls. • If a coronary artery is blocked, a heart attack can occur.
1 Diseases of the Circulatory System
Heart Failure
• Heart failure results when the heart cannot pump blood efficiently.
The Circulatory System
Preventing Cardiovascular Disease
• Cardiovascular disease, can be prevented by following a good diet and exercise.
• Being over weight is associated with heart disease and high blood pressure.
• Large amounts of body fat force the heart to pump faster.
The Circulatory System 1
Preventing Cardiovascular Disease
• Having a regular program of exercise can help prevent tension and relieve stress.
The Circulatory System 1
Preventing Cardiovascular Disease
• Not smoking is a major way to prevent cardiovascular disease.
• Smoking causes the heart to beat faster and harder.
2 Blood
Functions of Blood
Blood has four important functions.
1. Blood carries oxygen from your lungs to all your body cells. Your blood carries carbon dioxide to your lungs to be exhaled.
2. Blood carries waste products from your cells to your kidneys to be removed.
2 Blood
Functions of Blood
3. Blood transports nutrients and other substances to your body cells.
4. Cells and molecules in blood fight infections and help heal wounds.
Blood 2
Parts of Blood
• Blood is a tissue made of plasma, platelets and red and white blood cells.
Blood 2
Blood Cells
• White bloods cells fight bacteria, viruses, and other invaders of your body.
• These cells leave the blood through capillary walls and go into the tissues
Blood 2
Blood Cells
• Here, they destroy bacteria and viruses and absorb dead cells.
Blood 2
Blood Clotting
• When you cut yourself, platelets stick to the wound and release chemicals which produce fibrin .
• (Then substances called clotting factors carry out a series of chemical reactions.)
Blood 2
Blood Clotting
Fibrin forms a sticky net of t hreadlike fibers This net traps escaping blood cells and plasma and forms a clot .
• Skin cells begin the repair process under the scab (after the clot is in place and becomes hard)
2 Blood
Blood Clotting Disease
Hemophilia is a genetic condition • In Hemophilia people’s plasma lacks one of the clotting factors that begins the clotting process.
• A minor injury can be a life threatening problem.
2 Blood
Diseases of Blood
Anemia is a common blood disease.
In anemia red blood cells and body tissues can't get enough oxygen ( and are unable to carry on their usual activities.)
Blood 2
Diseases of Blood
• Persons with sickle-cell anemia have misshapen red blood cells.
• The sickle-shaped cells clog the capillaries of a person with this disease.
• Oxygen cannot reach tissues served by the capillaries, and wastes cannot be removed.
Blood 2
Diseases of Blood
Leukemia is a disease of white blood cells.
In Leukemia sick white blood cells are made in excessive numbers.
The sick WBC cells do not fight infections well.
They crowd out the normal cells in the bone marrow.
The Respiratory System 16-3
Functions of the Respiratory System
• Breathing is the movement of the chest that brings air into the lungs and removes waste gases. • The air entering the lungs contains oxygen. • It passes from the lungs into the circulatory system because there is less oxygen in blood when it enters the lungs than in cells of the lungs.
The Respiratory System 16-3
Functions of the Respiratory System
• The chemical reaction is called cellular respiration. • Carbon dioxide and water molecules are waste products of cellular respiration.
16-3 The Respiratory System
Functions of the Respiratory System
• Blood carries oxygen and glucose from digested food to individual cells.
• The oxygen delivered to the cells is used to release energy from glucose.
The Respiratory System 3
Organs of the Respiratory System
• The respiratory system is made up of structures and organs that help move oxygen into the body and waste gases out of the body.
The Respiratory System 3
Pharynx
• Warmed, moist air then enters the pharynx which is a tubelike passageway for food , liquids , and air .
• When you swallow, your epiglottis folds down, allows food or liquids to enter you esophagus instead of your airway .
The Respiratory System 3
Larynx and Trachea
• The
larynx
is the airway to which two pairs of horizontal folds of tissue, called vocal cords, are attached. • Forcing air between the cords causes them to vibrate and produce sounds.
The Respiratory System 3
Larynx and Trachea
• From the larynx , air moves into the
trachea
• Strong, C-shaped rings of cartilage prevent the trachea from collapsing.
• It is lined with mucous membranes and cilia. • The mucous membranes trap dust, bacteria, and pollen.
3 The Respiratory System
Bronchi and the Lungs
• Air is carried into your lungs by two short tubes called
bronchi
at the lower end of the trachea. • Within the lungs, the bronchi branch into smaller and smaller tubes.
3 The Respiratory System
Bronchi and the Lungs
• The smallest tubes are called bronchioles • At the end of each bronchiole are clusters of tiny, thin-walled sacs called
alveoli.
3 The Respiratory System
Bronchi and the Lungs
• Lungs are masses of alveoli arranged in grapelike clusters. • The capillaries surround the alveoli like a net.
The Respiratory System 3
Bronchi and the Lungs
• Oxygen moves through the cell membranes of alveoli and through cell membranes of the capillaries into the blood. • In blood, oxygen is picked up by hemoglobin, a molecule in red blood cells, and carried to all body cells.
3 The Respiratory System
Bronchi and the Lungs
• In the lungs, waste gases move through cell membranes from capillaries into alveoli. • Then waste gases leave the body when you exhale.
The Respiratory System 3
Why do you breathe?
• Signals from your brain tell the muscles in your chest and abdomen to contract and relax. • Carbon dioxide levels tell your lungs the speed up or slow down
3 The Respiratory System
Why do you breathe?
• You can hold your breath if you want to. • Eventually, your brain will respond to the buildup of carbon dioxide in your blood and signal your chest and abdomen muscles to work automatically. • You will breathe whether you want to or not.
The Respiratory System 3
Inhaling and Exhaling
• Breathing is partly the result of changes in volume and resulting air pressure. • Your diaphragm contracts and relaxes, changing the volume of the chest, which helps move gases into and out of your lungs.
The Respiratory System 3
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory Systems
• Many serious diseases are related to smoking. • The chemical substances in tobacco— nicotine and tars—are poisons and can destroy cells.
bronchiole Lower Respiratory Tract trachea bronchi alveoli
3 The Respiratory System
Diseases and Disorders of the Respiratory Systems
• Even if you are a nonsmoker, inhaling smoke from tobacco products—called second hand smoke—is unhealthy and has the potential to harm your respiratory system.
The Respiratory System 3
Emphysema
• A disease in which the alveoli in the lungs enlarge is called emphysema. • As a result, alveoli can’t push air out of the lungs, so less oxygen moves into the bloodstream.
3 The Respiratory System
Respiratory Infections
• Bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms can cause infections that affect any of the organs of the respiratory system. • The common cold usually affects the upper part of the respiratory system—from the nose to the pharynx.
3 The Respiratory System
Respiratory Infections
• The cold virus also can cause irritation and swelling in the larynx, trachea, and bronchi. • The cilia that line the trachea and bronchi can be damaged. • However, cilia usually heal rapidly.
464 What is Asthma ?
Cause – allergic reaction Contraction of bronchiole tubes
The Respiratory System 3
Asthma
• When a person has an asthma attack, the bronchial tubes contract quickly. • Inhaling medicine that relaxes the bronchial tubes is the usual treatment for an asthma attack. • Asthma can be an allergic reaction. • An allergic reaction occurs when the body overreacts to a foreign substance.
The Respiratory System 3
Asthma
• asthma attack - the bronchial tubes contract quickly. • Inhaling medicine is the usual treatment for an asthma attack. • Asthma can be an allergic reaction. • An allergic reaction when the body overreacts to a foreign substance.