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Industrial Hygiene What’s an Industrial Hygienist? UCM Safety 5120 Industrial Hygienist •A professional qualified by education, training and experience to anticipate, recognize, evaluate and develop controls for occupational health hazards and environmental issues. UCM Safety 5120 Industrial Hygienist There has been an awareness of industrial hygiene since antiquity. The environment and its relation to worker health was recognized as early as the fourth century BC UCM Safety 5120 Not a Master… UCM Safety 5120 Industrial Hygienist In the first century AD, Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, perceived health risks to those working with zinc and sulfur. He devised a face mask made from an animal bladder to protect workers from exposure to dust and lead fumes. UCM Safety 5120 Law Codes Hammurabi UCM Safety 5120 LAW If any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, 24eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, 25burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe. Ex 21:23-25 Anyone who kills an animal shall make restitution for it, life for life. 19Anyone who maims another shall suffer the same injury in return: 20fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for tooth; the injury inflicted is the injury to be suffered. Lev 24: 18-24 lex talionis UCM Safety 5120 History… In the second century AD, the Greek physician, Galen, accurately described the pathology of lead poisoning and also recognized the hazardous exposures of copper miners to acid mists. UCM Safety 5120 Galen’s Thoughts UCM Safety 5120 This illustration accompanying Galen’s work shows the surgical procedures described by Galen—on the head, eye, leg, mouth, bladder and genitals— still practiced in the 16th century. UCM Safety 5120 Galen states that animal bodies are an unequal �mixture� of hot, cold, wet, and dry�an elaboration of the Hippocratic Pythagorean concept that the cosmos consists of four geometrically interacting primary life elements: earth, air, water, and fire. (509) These mixtures can become "ill balanced" and these imbalances can be vectored in various configurations. Mixtures also define and measure objects, qualities, and other subjects, such as climate for example. UCM Safety 5120 1473 Elrich Ellenbog Wrote a pamphlet on occupational Diseases with the mining industry UCM Safety 5120 Magna Carta Year •Year: 1215 •Lead to Bill of Rights •Some other clauses still used today! Edward Coke interpreted Magna Carta to apply not only to the protection of nobles but to all subjects of the crown equally. He famously asserted: "Magna Carta is such a fellow, that he will have no sovereign." UCM Safety 5120 Magna Carta Year Anti-corruption and fair trade (also in 1225 Charter) Clauses 28 to 32 say that no royal officer may take any commodity such as corn, wood or transport without payment or consent or force a knight to pay for something the knight could do himself and that the king must return any lands confiscated from a felon within a year and a day. •Clause 25 sets out a list of standard measures and Clauses 41 and 42 guarantee the safety and right of entry and exit of foreign merchants. •Clause 45 says that the king should only appoint royal officers where they are suitable for the post. •Clause 46 provides for the guardianship of monasteries. UCM Safety 5120 Magna Carta Year 1215 Clause 24 states that crown officials (such as sheriffs) may not try a crime in place of a judge. Clause 34 forbids repossession without a writ precipe. Clauses 36 to 38 state that writs for loss of life or limb are to be free, that someone may use reasonable force to secure their own land and that no one can be tried on their own testimony alone. Edward Coke UCM Safety 5120 History… In the Middle Ages, guilds worked at assisting sick workers and their families. In 1556 the German scholar, Agricola, advanced the science of industrial hygiene even further when, in his book De Re Metallica, he described the diseases of miners and prescribed preventive measures. The book included suggestions for mine ventilation and worker protection, discussed mining accidents, and described diseases associated with mining occupations such as silicosis. UCM Safety 5120 Agricola suggested ventilation! UCM Safety 5120 Diseases of the Mines! UCM Safety 5120 Ventilation Horse Powered! UCM Safety 5120 History Mysticisms vrs Reality Late 1600’s it was believed that demons lived in the mines Could be controlled with fasting and prayer! UCM Safety 5120 History… Industrial hygiene gained further respectability in 1700 when Bernardo Ramazzini, known as the "father of industrial medicine," published in Italy the first comprehensive book on industrial medicine, De Morbis Artificum Diatriba (The Diseases of Workmen). Same time frame as the Inquisition of Galileo (His works were banned at this time!) UCM Safety 5120 Ramazzini… The book contained accurate descriptions of the occupational diseases of most of the workers of his time. Ramazzini greatly affected the future of industrial hygiene because he asserted that occupational diseases should be studied in the work environment rather than in hospital wards. The First one to ask: What is your trade? UCM Safety 5120 History… Industrial hygiene received another major boost in 1743 when Ulrich Ellenborg published a pamphlet on occupational diseases and injuries among gold miners. Ellenborg also wrote about the toxicity of carbon monoxide, mercury, lead, and nitric acid. UCM Safety 5120 Sir George Baker Colic related to lead in cider Industry. UCM Safety 5120 History… In England in the 18th century, Percival Pott, as a result of his findings on the insidious effects of soot on chimney sweepers, was a major force in getting the British Parliament to pass the Chimney-Sweepers Act of 1788. The passage of the English Factory Acts beginning in 1833 marked the first effective legislative acts in the field of industrial safety. The Acts, however, were intended to provide compensation for accidents rather than to control their causes. Later, various other European nations developed workers' compensation acts, which stimulated the adoption of increased factory safety precautions and the establishment of medical services within industrial plants. UCM Safety 5120 History… In the early 20th century in the U. S., Dr. Alice Hamilton, led efforts to improve industrial hygiene. She observed industrial conditions first hand and startled mine owners, factory managers, and state officials with evidence that there was a correlation between worker illness and their exposure to toxins. She also presented definitive proposals for eliminating unhealthful working conditions. Reference: Exploring the Dangerous Trades UCM Safety 5120 Child Labor Law UCM Safety 5120 Laws that Changed In 1916 Congress made its first effort to control child labour by passing the Keating-Owen Act. The legislation forbade the transportation among states of products of factories, shops or canneries employing children under 14 years of age, of mines employing children under 16 years of age, and the products of any of these employing children under 16 who worked at night or more than eight hours a day. In 1918 the Supreme Court ruled that the Keating-Owen Act was unconstitutional. UCM Safety 5120 History… At about the same time, U.S. federal and state agencies began investigating health conditions in industry. In 1908, the public's awareness of occupationally related diseases stimulated the passage of compensation acts for certain civil employees. States passed the first workers' compensation laws in 1911. And in 1913, the New York Department of Labor and the Ohio Department of Health established the first state industrial hygiene programs. All states enacted such legislation by 1948. In most states, there is some compensation coverage for workers contracting occupational diseases. UCM Safety 5120 History 1966 UCM Safety and Health - A manager’s prerogative Safety 5120 The Time Line 1930 1950 11 Million Workers Safety 5120 OSHA Vietnam Korea Iron/Steel Standardized systems UCM 1970 Manufacturing WW II Walsh Halley Act Crash WW I Agriculture 1941 1935 Continuous Mining Machine Uranium 1940 UCM New Vulcanization Process New Petrochemical Increase respiratory disease 1960 Safety 5120 Asbestosis increases Black lung increases Mine Explosion WV, 1968 1970 Time Line 1976 1941 1 Billion lbs/year UCM 162.9 Billion lbs/year Safety 5120 Time Line Synthetic Compounds Produced 58,000 70,000 17,000 1958 UCM 1971 Safety 5120 1980’s Values… • $208,000 UCM Safety 5120 Federal Regulations •December 9, 1970 OSHA –Each employer shall furnish to each employee a place of employment which is free of recognized hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious harm to their employees –Each employer shall comply with the occupational safety and heath standards under the Act. UCM Safety 5120 Break! UCM Safety 5120 How do IH's Recognize and Control Hazards? Industrial hygienists recognize that engineering, work practice, and administrative controls are the primary means of reducing employee exposure to occupational hazards. Engineering controls minimize employee exposure by either reducing or removing the hazard at the source or isolating the worker from the hazards. Engineering controls include eliminating toxic chemicals. Work practice controls alter the manner in which a task is performed. (1) following proper procedures that minimize exposures (2) inspecting and maintaining process and control equipment on a regular basis; (3) implementing good house-keeping procedures; (4) providing good supervision and (5) mandating that eating, drinking, smoking, chewing tobacco or gum, and applying cosmetics in regulated areas be prohibited. Administrative controls include controlling employees' exposure by scheduling production and workers' tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. For example, the employer might schedule operations with the highest exposure potential during periods when the fewest employees are present. UCM Safety 5120 History… The U.S. Congress has passed three landmark pieces of legislation relating to safeguarding workers' health: (1) the Metal and Nonmetallic Mines Safety Act of 1966, (2) the Federal Coal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1969, and (3) the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (Act). Today, nearly every employer is required to implement the elements of an industrial hygiene and safety, occupational health, or hazard communication program and to be responsive to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Act and its regulations. UCM Safety 5120 Administrative controls include controlling employees' exposure by scheduling production and workers' tasks, or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. For example, the employer might schedule operations with the highest exposure potential during periods when the fewest employees are present. UCM Safety 5120 Activity… Now you’re the Industrial Hygienist…. Scenario What is the hazard? What is the control? UCM Safety 5120 What is oversight? Discussion UCM Safety 5120 UCM Safety 5120 Industrial Hygiene What is it? UCM Safety 5120 Definition • “The science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of factors and stresses (arising in or from the workplaces), which may cause sickness, impaired health and well being or significant discomfort, and inefficiency among workers or among the citizens of a community” - ACGIH UCM Safety 5120 • The science devoted to recognition (or identification), evaluation and control of hazards arising in or from the workplace, which could impair the health and well being of people at work, while also taking into account the possible impacts on the general environment - BIOH “Detection and Assessment of Occupational Hazards” UCM Safety 5120 Industrial Hygienist • The person having a college or university degree or degrees in engineering, chemistry, physics, health physics, nursing, medicine, or related field, by virtue of special studies, training, experience, and/or certification has acquired competence in IH. UCM Safety 5120 Scope of OH • • • • Anticipation Recognition Evaluation Control UCM Safety 5120 UCM Safety 5120 Anticipation • Design of process, equipment • Future legislation/regulations • Research UCM Safety 5120 Recognition • • • • • Raw materials, by-product, products Process and operations Records of accidents and diseases Walkaround – senses, talk to workers, etc Grab samples UCM Safety 5120 Life Cycle System Accident System in Balance Normal State System becomes unbalanced Loss Control starts Detection Initiating event(s) HARM! Point of no return Early Recovery UCM Safety 5120 Start of Recovery Evaluation • • • • Purpose Sampling technique and strategy Instrumentation (Real time & non Rt) Standard, regulations etc UCM Safety 5120 Control • Principle of control measures • Hierarchy of control measures • ALARA UCM Safety 5120 Benefits of IH Program • • • • • • Improve health and hygiene Reduce compensation Improve job satisfaction Reduce absenteeism Improve productivity Improve workers’ attitude towards management UCM Safety 5120 Objectives • To create awareness among employers and workers on the importance of OH practices in industry to preserve and protect the health of workers from being affected by hazards in the working environment. • To investigate the effect of specific hazard on the health of workers so that the short and long term measures can be taken to control the hazard UCM Safety 5120 Activities • • • • • • Occupational Hygiene Inspection Monitoring of occupational hazards Biological monitoring Enforcement Investigation of complaints / accidents Training UCM Safety 5120 Industrial Hygiene Monitoring • Monitoring of occupational hazards Chemical Biological Physical Ergonomic/mechanical Psychosocial UCM Safety 5120 Biological Monitoring • Blood – Pb, Hg, Cd etc • Lung Function Test •Textile workers •mill workers •Timber processing workers • HCP •Audiometric testing UCM Safety 5120 Environmental Factors • Chemical Hazards • Physical Hazards – radiation, pressure – noise, vibration, temperature • Ergonomic Hazards • Biological Hazards UCM Safety 5120 Chemical Hazards • • • • • • The majority of OHS are chemical MSDS (required by OSHA) The right to know act Proper labeling Hazards when machining / melting etc. How exposure effects the body UCM Safety 5120 Solvents • • • • • • UCM Very commonly used How do solvents enter the body? Effect from physical contact Acute effects versus chronic effects Air displacement issues Flammability and flash point Safety 5120 Toxicity • Toxicity is not synonymous with hazard. • Toxicity is the ability of a material to do harm when it reaches a certain concentration. • Hazard is the probability that this contamination will occur assessing hazard is covered in chapter 6 UCM Safety 5120 Physical Hazards • Noise – Psychological Effects – Interference with communication – Physiological effects • Risk Criteria • Permissible levels – (85 dBA requires a hearing protection plan) UCM Safety 5120 Temperature • Heat (core temp range is +3 / -2 degrees F) – Heat stress (heat stroke / exhaustion) – measurement and heat index – Radiant heat (IR radiation) • Heat that is absorbed on impact – Heat loss through contact and convection – Heat stress indicies – Cold Stress UCM Safety 5120 Ionizing Radiation • • • • • What is ionizing radiation? How does it effect the body What are the sources of ionizing radiation? Internal versus external hazards Measuring radiation UCM Safety 5120 Non-Ionizing Radiation • • • • Definition Low frequency (microwaves, radio waves) Infrared (thermal radiation / blackbody) Visible light – Well lit but not over lit – 60 cycle flicker – Effects on the eyes and lasers energy output UCM Safety 5120 Extremes of pressure • Effects on gas absorption in the blood • Effects on thermal coefficient of the atmosphere • Effects on partial pressure of atmosphere components • Teeth / ears / eyes / bowels etc. • Effects of low pressure UCM Safety 5120 Ergonomic Hazards • Repetitive motion disorders • Injury rate (guards and shields) • Body stress – back – neck – eyes • Workplace design UCM Safety 5120 Biological Hazards • • • • • • UCM Bacterial Viral Engineered Bugs and snakes etc. Allergens The water fountain Safety 5120 Routs of Entry • Inhalation (area of lungs) • Absorption • Ingestion UCM Safety 5120 Airborne Contaminates • Dusts (0.1 - 25 um) – smaller than 5um tend to be the problem • Fumes (less than 1um) – made from condensed volatilized solids • Smoke (<0.1 um) • Aerosols UCM Safety 5120 Airborne Contaminates • Mists – Suspended liquid droplets • Gases • Vapors – volatile forms of substances which are normally in a solid or liquid form at this temperature UCM Safety 5120 Respiratory Hazards • Oxygen deficient atmospheres – 160mmHg O2 normal • Where can oxygen deficient atmospheres occur? – Confined entry – NASA shuttle UCM Safety 5120 Hazards of Airborne Contaminates • Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) – Reviewed and updated annually • TLV-TWA (Time Weighted Average) • TLV-STEL (Short Term Exposure Limit) • TLV-C (Ceiling) UCM Safety 5120 Break! 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