Transcript Ethnicity
Chapter 7 Ethnicities in the United States • Clustering of ethnicities (see map) • African American migration patterns Slavery, industrialization, ghetto Differentiating ethnicity and race • Race in the United States 75% white, 12% black, 4% Asian • Division by race in South Africa Apartheid Fig. 7-7: The British triangular slave trading system operated among Britain, Africa, and the Caribbean and North America. Fig. 7-8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U.S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West. Fig. 7-10: During the apartheid era, South Africa created a series of black “homelands” with the expectation that every black would be a citizen of one of them. These were abolished with the end of apartheid. Rise of nationalities • Nation-states- territory based on ethnicity • Nationalism- loyalty and devotion to nationality Revival of ethnic identity • Ethnicity and communism Communism seeks to unify people through government and mask ethnic identity • Rebirth of nationalism in Eastern Europe After the fall of Communism, more ethnic groups fought for self-determination Multinational states • Former Soviet Union 15 republics based on largest ethnicities After 1991, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia and Russia were created • Russia 39 nationalities, Chechnya Sunni Muslims • Turmoil in the Caucasus Azerbaijan (fragmented state) Armenia (most homogenous country in Caucasus) Georgia (Conflict between Ossetians and Abkhazians) Ethiopia/Eritrea • Ethiopia dissolved Eritrea’s govt. • 30 year civil war; 665,000 refugees • 1991 Eritrea gains independence and loses it in 2000 Sudan • Civil war since 1980’s between Muslims and Christians/Animist • Sudanese Muslims want a nation state based on Sharia Law • 2 million deaths Somalia • 1990s government collapsed • 6 major clans fought for power and resources • 300,000 deaths Gained independence in 1943 Constitution made govt offices of every ethnicity 1932 census had Christian majority By 1975, population changed to a Muslim majority but the govt didn’t reflect change. India, Pakistan Bangladesh and • Gained independence in • • • • • 1947 from Great Britain G.B. created Pakistan and Bangladesh 6 million Muslims migrated to Pakistan 1 million migrated to Bangladesh 9.5 million migrated to India Kashmir conflict over border o Sinhalese 74% population Buddhist oTamils 18 % population Hindus oSince 1983, 60,000 people have died oTamils feel discriminated against oTamils assassinated a president and wounded another Fig. 7-18: The Sinhalese are mainly Buddhist and speak an Indo-European language, while the Tamils are mainly Hindu and speak a Dravidian language. Ethnic cleansing in central Africa • Rwandans shared a common culture until • • • • colonialism Belgium and Germany divided Rwandans into 3 groups (Hutu, Tutsi and Twa) Belgians encouraged the suppression of Hutu Hutu gained independence and responded with the same suppression to Tutsi 1994- Hutu began killing all Tutsi Ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia • Creation of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia After WWI, allies created Yugoslavia to unite South Slavic speaking ethnicities • Destruction of multi-ethnic Yugoslavia After Tito’s death, independent countries were formed Political boundaries failed to match ethnic territories Serbs and Croats wanted to get rid of Bosnia Muslims Kosovo conflict between Serbs and Albanians Fig. 7-22: Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990s. Fig. 7-19: Territorial changes after World War II resulted in many migrations, especially by Poles, Germans, and Russians.