Transcript CHAPTER 5: CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER

CHANGES ON THE
WESTERN FRONTIER
CHAPTER 5:
Honors US History
Mr. Basich
Timeline: What’s Going On?

World:
 1869 – Suez Canal is
opened.
 1900 – Boxer
Rebellion takes place
in China.

United States:
 1881 – James
Garfield is
assassinated –
Chester Arthur
becomes President.
 1890 – Sioux are
massacred at
Wounded Knee.
Section 1: Objectives



By the end of this lesson I
will be able to:
1. Contrast the cultures of
Native Americans and
white settlers and explain
why white settlers moved
west.
2. Identify restrictions
imposed by the
government on Native
Americans and describe
the consequences.



3. Identify the
government’s policy of
assimilation as well as
continuing conflicts
between Native
Americans and settlers.
4. Trace the development
of the cattle industry.
5. Describe both the myth
and reality of the
American cowboy and
explain the end of the
open range.
Section 1: Cultures Clash On The Prairie

Main Idea: The cattle
industry boomed in the
late 1800’s, as the culture
of the Plains Indians
declined.

Why it Matters Now:
Today, ranchers and
Plains Indians work to
preserve their cultural
traditions.

Key Terms:
Great Plains
Treaty of Fort Laramie
Assimilation
Dawes Act
Battle of Wounded Knee

Key Terms / Names:
Sitting Bull
George A. Custer
Longhorn
Chisholm Trail
Long Drive










SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH
ON THE PRAIRIE



THE PLAINS
The culture of the Plains
Indians rarely had come in
contact with EuropeanAmericans.
The Osage and the Iowa had
hunted and planted in the
Great plains for over 100
years
Great Plains – the grassland
extending through the westcentral portion of the US.
THE HORSE AND THE BUFFALO



BUFFALO WERE USED FOR FOOD,
SHELTER AND CLOTHING
Spain introduced the
Buffalo in 1598 thus
allowing faster and longer
hunting trips
While the horse provided
speed and mobility, it was
the buffalo that provided
for basic needs.
The Sioux and Cheyenne
tribes hunted buffalo
FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS




Small extended families
were the norm
Men were hunters, while
women helped butcher
the game and prepare it
This is called a huntergatherer community.
Tribes were very spiritual
and land was communal
Why was the buffalo more important to the
Indians than the horse?
They were more
plentiful
They were faster
They could be
used for many
purposes
They weren’t
more important
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
14
m
...
er
e
ul
d
16
ey
w
co
ey
Th
Th
15
0%
n’
t
be
t..
.
fa
s
er
e
w
ey
Th
13
0%
...
0%
..
m
or
e.
er
e
4.
0%
w
3.
ey
2.
:20
Th
1.
17
18
19
20
SETTLERS PUSH
WESTWARD



A COVERED WAGON HEADS
WEST
The white settlers who
pushed westward had
a different idea about
land ownership
Concluding that the
plains were “unsettled,
“ thousands advanced
to claim land
Gold being discovered
in Colorado only
intensified the rush for
land
THE GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS
NATIVES

As more and more
settlers headed west,
the U.S. government
increasingly protected
their interests
 Railroad Companies
also influenced
government decisions
RAILROADS GREATLY
IMPACTED NATIVE LIFE
Why did the settlers continue to
pursue land in the West?
The government
supported them
The railroads
supported them
They found gold
All of the above
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
The government su...
The railroads sup...
They found gold
All of the above
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
NATIVES AND SETTLERS
CLASH






1834 – Government set aside
all of the Great Plains as
“Indian lands”
1850s- Government shifts
policy, giving natives much
smaller lands
The Indians continued to hunt
on “their” land
Many deaths ensued
1864 - Massacre at Sand
Creek; US Army attack killing
150 native women and
children
“I want no peace till the Indians
suffer more.” – US Army
Commander S.R. Curtis
Death On The Bozeman Trail:
Bozeman Trail – ran
directly through Sioux
hunting grounds.
 Whites and Indians
fought over this land.
 The Treaty of Laramie
closed the trail and
moved the Indians to a
reservation.
 This provided a
temporary halt to warfare
 Sitting Bull - the leader of
the Sioux, didn’t sign the
treaty.

What was the best reason why the Indians
didn’t want to give up their land?
Money
20
Hunting
Room for more
homes
None of the above
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
Money
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
13
Hunting
14
15
Room for m...
16
17
None of th...
18
19
20
OTHER CONFLICTS AND
BATTLES



ONE OF THE FEW NATIVE
VICTORIES WAS LITTLE BIG
HORN
Conflicts continued
including; Fetterman
Massacre and Red River
War
Custer’s Last Stand
occurred in early 1876
when Colonel George A.
Custer reached Little Big
Horn
Led by Crazy Horse and
Sitting Bull, the natives
outflanked and crushed
Custer’s troops
What was the main reason why
Custer was beat by Sitting Bull?
The Indians had
superior weaponry
20
Custer’s troops
didn’t want to fight
The Indians had a
tactical advantage
Custer ran out of
ammunition
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
The Indians had s...
Custer’s troops d...
The Indians had a...
Custer ran out of...
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
THE DAWES ACT - 1887




FAMOUS DEPICTION OF NATIVE
STRUGGLE
The Dawes Act of 1887
attempted to assimilate
natives
Assimilation – A plan under
which Native Americans
would give up their beliefs
and way of life and become
a part of the white culture.
The Dawes Act called for
the break up of reservations
and the introduction of
natives into American life
By 1932, 2/3rds of the land
committed to Natives had
been taken
NATIVE LANDS BY 1894
What was the point of the Dawes
Act?
To get the Indians to act
more like the settlers
To allow the Indians to
live in peace
To force the Indians to
work for the settlers
To give the Indians
money for their troubles
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
To get the Indian...
To allow the Indi...
To force the Indi...
To give the India...
20
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE
BUFFALO




The most significant blow
to tribal life on the plains
was the destruction of the
buffalo
Tourist and fur traders
shot buffalo for sport
1800: 65 million buffalo
roamed the plains
1890: less than 1000
remained
The settlers killing the buffalo was:
32
An insult to the 20
Indians
Harmful to the
Indians food
supply
A way to control
the Indians
All of the above
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
An insult ...
0
Harmful to...
A way to c...
All of the...
BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE

HUNDREDS OF CORPSES
WERE LEFT TO FREEZE ON
THE GROUND
On December 29, 1890,
the Seventh Cavalry
(Custer’s old regiment)
rounded up 350 Sioux
and took them to
Wounded Knee, S.D.
 A shot was fired – within
minutes the Seventh
Cavalry slaughtered 300
unarmed Natives
 This event brought the
“Indian Wars”– and an
entire era to a bitter end
CATTLE BECOMES BIG
BUSINESS

Ranching became
increasingly profitable
 Texas rangers learned how
to handle the Texas
Longhorns – sturdy horses
accustomed to the dry
grasslands - from Mexican
rangers
 Lots of vocabulary came
from the Mexican Vaqueros
VOCABULARY BORROWED

Vanilla, bronco,
mustang, chaps,
mosquito, pronto, tuna,
stampede, tornado,
chili, cigar, shack,
savvy, siesta,
wrangler, lasso, lariat,
ranch, corral, burro,
canyon, bandit, fiesta,
guerrilla, hurricane,
matador, plaza, rodeo,
vigilante, desperado,
cockroach, buckaroo
GROWING DEMAND FOR BEEF



POSTCARD OF
CHICAGO UNION
STOCK YARDS
After the Civil War the
demand for beef surged
Urbanization (more
people) and the rise of
the railroad was
instrumental in the
increase of beef
consumption
Chicago Union Stock
Yards was a famous
market after 1865
COW TOWN & THE TRAIL



Abilene, Kansas became
famous for being a place
where the Chisholm Trail
– Major cattle route -met
the railroads
Tens of thousands of
cattle came from Texas
through Oklahoma to
Abilene via the famous
Chisholm trail
Once in Abilene the cattle
would board rail cars for
destinations across the
country
What led to the growing demand
for beef?
0%
of
e
on
N
am
ou
e
Th
th
e
nt
of
ab
...
...
gr
ow
th
e
Th
0%
...
0%
of
tio
...
4.
st
ru
c
0
of
32
0%
de
3.
e
2.
The destruction of
the Indians
The growth of
20
cities
The amount of
work the ranches
were doing
None of the above
Th
1.
THE END OF THE OPEN RANGE

Almost as soon as
ranching became
big business, the
cattle frontier met
its end
 Overgrazing, bad
weather, and the
invention of barbed
wire were
responsible
Did We Meet Our Objectives?






Can You:
1. Contrast the cultures of Native
Americans and white settlers and
explain why white settlers moved west.
2. Identify restrictions imposed by the
government on Native Americans and
describe the consequences.
3. Identify the government’s policy of
assimilation as well as continuing
conflicts between Native Americans
and settlers.
4. Trace the development of the cattle
industry.
5. Describe both the myth and reality
of the American cowboy and explain
the end of the open range.
Section 2: Objectives



By the end of this lesson,
I will be able to:
1. Explain the rapid
settlement of the Great
Plains due to
homesteading.
2. Describe how early
settlers survived on the
plains and transformed
them into profitable farm
land.
Section 2: Settling On The Great Plains

Main Idea: Settlers on the
Great Plains transformed
the land despite great
hardships.

Why it Matters Now: The
Great Plains region
remains the breadbasket
of the United States.

Key Terms:
Homestead Act
Exoduster
Soddy

Key Terms:
Morrill Act
Bonanza Farm





SECTION 2: SETTLING ON THE
GREAT PLAINS

Federal land policy
and the completion of
the transcontinental
railroad led to the
rapid settlement of
American west
 1862 – Congress
passed Homestead
Act which allowed
160 free acres to any
“head of household”
The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868. The Central
Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah
and laid a Golden Spike
The Homestead Act’s main goal
was to:
0%
ab
...
tle
.
th
e
se
t
tle
.
of
e
on
Pr
ov
id
e
se
t
tle
.
se
t
id
e
Pr
ov
0 of 32
0%
..
0%
N
0%
..
4.
id
e
3.
20
..
2.
Provide settlers with
food to live
Provide settlers with
enough land to start
their lives
Provide settlers with
nothing.
None of the above
Pr
ov
1.
EXODUSTERS MOVE WEST

African Americans
who moved from the
post-Reconstruction
South to Kansas
were called
Exodusters
 Many exodusters
took advantage of
land deals
OKLAHOMA SOONERS



In 1889, a major
governmental land
giveaway in what is now
Oklahoma attracted
thousands
In less than a day, 2
million acres were claimed
by settlers
Some took possession
before the government had
officially declared it open –
thus Oklahoma became
known as the “Sooner
State”
What were the African American
settlers called?
Sooners
Exodusters
Settlers
Natives
1.
2.
3.
4.
0%
32
0
0
20
Sooners
Exodusters
Settlers
Natives
SETTLERS ENCOUNTER
HARDSHIPS


LOCUST SWARM
The frontier settlers
faced extreme
hardships – droughts,
floods, fires, blizzards,
locust plagues, and
bandits
Despite hardships, the
number of people
living west of the
Mississippi grew from
1% of the nation’s
population in 1850 to
almost 30% in 1900
DUGOUTS & SODDIES



Most settlers
built their
homes from the
land itself
Pioneers often
dug their
homes out of
the sides of
ravines or hills
(Dugouts)
Those in the
flat plains made
freestanding
homes made of
turf (Soddies)
DUGOUT
SODDY
Which one of these hardships did
the settlers NOT face?
1.
2.
3.
4.
0
of
32
Droughts
Floods
Hurricanes
Locust swarms
0%
20
Seconds
Remaining
Droughts
Floods
Hurricanes
Locust swarms
INCREASED TECHNOLOGY
HELPS FARMERS



JOHN DEERE’S STEEL PLOW HAD
TO BE PULLED BY A HORSE OR
MULE
1837 – John Deere
invented a steel plow that
could slice through heavy
soil
1847 – Cyrus McCormick
mass-produced a reaping
machine
Other inventions included
a grain drill to plant seed,
barbed wire, and corn
binder
FARMER EDUCATION
SUPPORTED

The federal
government financed
agricultural education
 The Morrill Acts of
1862 and 1890 gave
federal land to states
to help finance
agricultural colleges
Which two inventions helped
farmers?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tractor and plow
Lawn mower and
scythe
Steel plow and
reaping machine
Barbed wire and
water purifier
0 of 30
:20
25%
25%
25%
25%
Tractor and plow
Lawn mower and sc...
Steel plow and re...
Barbed wire and w...
ECONOMIC DISTRESS HITS
FARMERS






Between 1867 and 1887 the
price of a bushel of wheat fell
from $2.00 to 68 cents
Railroads conspired to keep
transport costs artificially high
Farmers got caught in a cycle
of debt
The farmers needed to
produce more crops to keep
up.
A new type of farm emerged
called a Bonanza farm.
Bonanza Farm – huge singlecrop farms of 15,000 – 50,000
acres.
Did We Meet Our Objectives?

Can You:
 1. Explain the rapid
settlement of the
Great Plains due to
homesteading.
 2. Describe how early
settlers survived on
the plains and
transformed them into
profitable farm land.
Section 3: Objectives

By the end of this
lesson, I will be able
to:
 1. Identify the
problems farmers
faced and their
cooperative efforts to
solve them.
 2. Explain the rise
and fall of the Populist
Party.
Section 3: Farmers And The
Populist Movement

Main Idea: Farmers
united to address their
economic problems,
giving rise to the Populist
movement.

Why it Matters Now: Many
of the Populist reform
issues, such as income tax
and legally protected rights
of workers, are now taken
for granted.

Key Terms:
Grange
Farmers’ Alliances
Populism
Bimetallism
Gold Standard

Key Names:
Oliver Hudson Kelley
William McKinley
William Jennings Bryan








What issue(s) were the farmers
facing during this time period?
o.
..
ab
ft
he
ll
o
A
ug
h
To
0%
t
eb
D
is
la
t
0%
le
g
in
se
re
a
0%
...
.
0%
cr
..
r
th
e
0 of 30
ec
5.
0%
D
4.
w
ea
3.
ug
h
2.
Tough weather
Decrease in crop
prices
Tough legislation 20
from the Railroads
Debt
All of the above
To
1.
SECTION 3: FARMERS AND THE
POPULIST MOVEMENT

In the late 1800s,
many farmers were
struggling
 Crop prices were
falling, debt
increased
 Mortgages were
being foreclosed by
banks
FARMERS ORGANIZE FOR
CHANGE



1867 – Oliver Hudson
Kelley started the
Patrons of Husbandry,
an organization for
farmers that became
known as the Grange
By 1870, the Grange
spent most of their time
fighting the railroads
Soon the Grange and
other Farmer Alliances –
(Those who
sympathized with
farmers) numbered over
4 million members
32
Why were the farmers fighting the
Railroads?
20
They weren’t
traveling to their
towns
The seats were
uncomfortable
They were charging
high prices to use
their services.
None of the above
1.
2.
3.
4.
0
0%
They weren’t trav...
The seats were un...
They were chargin...
None of the above
POPULIST PARTY IS BORN

Leaders of the
farmers organization
realized they needed
to build a base of
political power
 Populism – the
movement of the
people – was born in
1892 with the
founding of the
Populist, or People’s
Party
THIS POLITICAL CARTOON
SHOWS A POPULIST
CLUBBING A RAILROAD
CAR
What was the main goal of the
populist party?
To
...
0%
ci
tie
...
en
ild
bu
ha
nc
e
th
e
tt
he
pr
ot
ec
To
0
0%
...
0%
To
0%
...
4.
ru
n
3.
to
2.
tr
y
To protect the people
(farmers) from unjust
business practices
20
To enhance their own
political power
To try to run the
Railroad companies out
of business
To build cities
1.
To
32
POPULIST REFORMS

Proposed economic
reforms included;
increase of money
supply, a rise in crop
prices, lower taxes, a
federal loan program
 Proposed political
reforms included;
direct election of
senators, single terms
for presidents
 Populists also called
for an 8-hour workday
and reduced
immigration
POPULISTS MAKE GAINS

In the 1892
Presidential election,
the Populist candidate
won almost 10% of
the vote
 In the West, the party
elected 5 senators, 3
governors and 1,500
state legislators
Which reform was NOT a part of
the populist party’s movement?
of
m
o.
se
or
e
In
cr
ea
M
0%
..
0%
la
nd
es
0%
ta
x
w
er
le
ct
ct
e
Lo
ay
0 of 32
0%
io
...
0%
ir e
5.
D
4.
w
or
kd
3.
20
ho
ur
2.
8 hour workday
Direct election of
senators
Lower taxes
More land
Increase of
money supply
8
1.
THE PANIC OF 1893

THE STOCK MARKET
CRASHED IN 1893
Nationwide economic
problems took center
stage in America in
1893
 Railroads went
bankrupt, the stock
market lost value,
15,000 businesses and
500 banks collapsed,
 3 million people lost
their jobs – putting
unemployment at 20%
SILVER OR GOLD?




The central issue of the
1896 Presidential
campaign was which
metal would be the basis
of the nation’s monetary
system
Bimetallism (those who
favored using both) vs.
those that favored the
Gold Standards alone
Why did it matter?
People regarded paper
money as worthless
unless it could be
exchanged for gold or
silver.
32
What was NOT part of the Panic of
1893?
Falling stock
prices
Closing of
businesses
Job loses
Mass rioting
Bank collapse
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
20
0%
0
Falling st...
Closing of...
Mass rioting
Bank colla...
Job loses
BRYAN AND THE
“CROSS OF GOLD”



BRYAN’S CROSS OF GOLD
SPEECH
Republicans favored the
Gold standard and
nominated William
McKinley
Democrats favored
Bimetallism and
nominated William
Jennings Bryan
Despite Bryan’s stirring
words, “You shall not
crucify mankind upon a
cross of gold,” McKinley
won the 1896 election
THE END OF POPULISM




With McKinley’s election
victory, Populism
collapsed, burying the
hopes of the farmer
Populism left two
important legacies:
1) A message that the
downtrodden can
organize and be heard
and
2) An agenda of reforms,
many of which would be
enacted in the 20th
The People’s Party Ended But
Left An Important Legacy
century
Leading to Progressivism
Even though populism failed at this
time, why was it important?
1.
2.
3.
So the people
knew the
government was 20
more powerful
The people
realized that they
had a voice
None of the above
0%
So the peo...
The people...
None of th...
Did We Meet Our Objectives?

Can You?
 1. Identify the
problems farmers
faced and their
cooperative efforts to
solve them.
 2. Explain the rise
and fall of the Populist
Party.