Transcript Document
• Computer
1.2 What is a Computer?
– Device capable of performing computations and making logical decisions – Computers process data under the control of sets of instructions called computer programs • Hardware – Various devices comprising a computer – Keyboard, screen, mouse, disks, memory, CD-ROM, and processing units • Programming Language (PL) – Means of communication between human-beings (programmers) and the computer. Using PL, humans write programs.
• Software – Programs that run on a computer © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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1.3 Computer Organization
• Six logical units in every computer: 1. Input unit • Obtains information from input devices (keyboard, mouse) 2. Output unit • Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to control other devices) 3. Memory unit • Rapid access, low capacity, stores input information 4. Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) • Performs arithmetic calculations and logic decisions 5. Central processing unit (CPU) • Supervises and coordinates the other sections of the computer 6. Secondary storage unit • Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage • Stores inactive programs © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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1.4 Evolution of Operating Systems
• Batch processing – Do only one job or task at a time • Operating systems – Manage transitions between jobs – Increased throughput • Amount of work computers process • Multiprogramming – Computer resources are shared by many jobs or tasks • Timesharing – Computer runs a small portion of one user’s job then moves on to service the next user © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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1.5 Personal Computing, Distributed Computing, and Client/Server Computing
• Personal computers – Economical enough for individual • Distributed computing – Computing distributed over networks • Client/server computing – Sharing of information across computer networks between file servers and clients (personal computers) 4 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level Languages
Three types of programming languages 1. Machine languages • • Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions Example: +1300042774 +1400593419 +1200274027 2. Assembly languages • English-like abbreviations representing elementary computer operations (translated via assemblers) • Example: LOAD BASEPAY ADD OVERPAY STORE GROSSPAY © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages, and High-level Languages
Three types of programming languages (continued) 3. High-level languages • • • Codes similar to everyday English Use mathematical notations (translated via compilers) Example: grossPay = basePay + overTimePay 6 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
1.7 History of C
• C – Evolved by Ritchie from two previous programming languages, BCPL and B – Used to develop UNIX – Used to write modern operating systems – Hardware independent (portable) – By late 1970's C had evolved to "Traditional C" • Standardization – Many slight variations of C existed, and were incompatible – Committee formed to create a "unambiguous, machine independent" definition – Standard created in 1989, updated in 1999 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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1.8 The C Standard Library
• C programs consist of pieces/modules called functions – A programmer can create his own functions • Advantage: the programmer knows exactly how it works • Disadvantage: time consuming – Programmers will often use the C library functions • Use these as building blocks – Avoid re-inventing the wheel • If a premade function exists, generally best to use it rather than write your own • Library functions carefully written, efficient, and portable 8 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
1.9 The Key Software Trend: Object Technology
• Objects – Reusable software components that model items in the real world – Meaningful software units • Date objects, time objects, paycheck objects, invoice objects, audio objects, video objects, file objects, record objects, etc.
• Any noun can be represented as an object – Very reusable – More understandable, better organized, and easier to maintain than procedural programming – Favor modularity 9 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
1.12 Other High-level Languages
• Other high-level languages – FORTRAN • Used for scientific and engineering applications – COBOL • Used to manipulate large amounts of data – Pascal • Intended for academic use – Java, C++, C# • Use object oriented technology © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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1.13 Structured Programming
• Structured programming – Disciplined approach to writing programs – Clear, easy to test and debug and easy to modify • Multitasking – Specifying that many activities run in parallel 11 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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1.14 Basics of a Typical C Program Development Environment
• Phases of C++ Programs:
1. Edit 2. Preprocess
Editor Preprocessor Compiler Dis k Dis k Dis k Program is created in the editor and stored on disk.
Preprocessor program processes the code.
Compiler creates object code and stores it on disk.
3. Compile
Linker Dis Linker links the object code with the libraries
4. Link
Loader
5. Load
Loader puts program in memory.
Disk
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6. Execute
Primary Memory CPU © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved
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CPU takes each instruction and executes it, possibly storing new data values as the program executes.
1.15 Hardware Trends
• Every year or two the following approximately double: – Amount of memory in which to execute programs – Amount of secondary storage (such as disk storage) • Used to hold programs and data over the longer term – Processor speeds • The speeds at which computers execute their programs 13 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
Chapter 2 - Introduction to C Programming
Outline 2.1
2.2
Introduction A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers Memory Concepts Arithmetic in C Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
14 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
Objectives
• In this chapter, you will learn: – To be able to write simple computer programs in C. – To be able to use simple input and output statements.
– To become familiar with fundamental data types.
– To understand computer memory concepts. – To be able to use arithmetic operators.
– To understand the precedence of arithmetic operators.
– To be able to write simple decision making statements. 15 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
2.1
Introduction
• C programming language – Structured and disciplined approach to program design • Structured programming – Introduced in chapters 3 and 4 – Used throughout the remainder of the book 16 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
Welcome to C!
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
1 /* Fig. 2.1: fig02_01.c
2 A first program in C */ 3 #include
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2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
• int main() – C++ programs contain one or more functions, exactly one of which must be main – Parenthesis used to indicate a function – int means that main "returns" an integer value – Braces ( { and } ) indicate a block • The bodies of all functions must be contained in braces 18 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
• printf( "Welcome to C!\n" ); – Instructs computer to perform an action • Specifically, prints the string of characters within quotes ( " " ) – Entire line called a statement • All statements must end with a semicolon ( ; ) – Escape character ( \ ) • Indicates that printf should do something out of the ordinary • \n is the newline character 19 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
Escape Sequence \n \t \a \\ \" Fig. 2.2 Description Newline. Position the cursor at the beginning of the next line. Horizontal tab. Move the cursor to the next tab stop. Alert. Sound the system bell. Backslash. Insert a backslash character in a string. Double quote. Insert a double quote character in a string. Some common escape sequences. 20 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
2.2
A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text
• return 0; – A way to exit a function – return 0 , in this case, means that the program terminated normally • Right brace } – Indicates end of main has been reached • Linker – When a function is called, linker locates it in the library – Inserts it into object program – If function name is misspelled, the linker will produce an error because it will not be able to find function in the library © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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1
/* Fig. 2.3: fig02_03.c
2
Printing on one line with two printf statements */
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#include
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/* function main begins program execution */
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int main()
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{
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printf( "Welcome " );
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printf( "to C!\n" );
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return 0 ; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
12 13
} /* end function main */
Welcome to C!
Outline
fig02_03.c
Program Output
22 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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/* Fig. 2.4: fig02_04.c
2
Printing multiple lines with a single printf */
3
#include
4 5
/* function main begins program execution */
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int main()
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{
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printf( "Welcome\nto\nC!\n" );
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return 0 ; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
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} /* end function main */
Welcome to C!
Outline
fig02_04.c
Program Output
23 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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/* Fig. 2.5: fig02_05.c
2
Addition program */
3
#include
4 5
/* function main begins program execution */
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int main()
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{
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int integer1; /* first number to be input by user */
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int integer2; /* second number to be input by user */
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int sum; /* variable in which sum will be stored */
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printf( "Enter first integer\n" ); /* prompt */
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scanf( "%d" , &integer1 ); /* read an integer */
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printf( "Enter second integer\n" ); /* prompt */
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scanf( "%d" , &integer2 ); /* read an integer */
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sum = integer1 + integer2; /* assign total to sum */
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printf( "Sum is %d\n" , sum ); /* print sum */
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return 0 ; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
23 24
} /* end function main */ © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
Outline 24
fig02_05.c
Enter first integer 45 Enter second integer 72 Sum is 117
Outline 25
Program Output
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
2.3
Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
• As before – Comments, #include
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2.3
Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
• scanf( "%d", &integer1 ); – Obtains a value from the user • scanf uses standard input (usually keyboard) – This scanf statement has two arguments • %d - indicates data should be a decimal integer • &integer1 - location in memory to store variable • & is confusing in beginning – for now, just remember to include it with the variable name in scanf statements – When executing the program the user responds to the scanf statement by typing in a number, then pressing the
enter
(return) key 27 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
2.3
Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
• = (assignment operator) – Assigns a value to a variable – Is a binary operator (has two operands) sum = variable1 + variable2; sum gets variable1 + variable2; – Variable receiving value on left • printf( "Sum is %d\n", sum ); – Similar to scanf • %d means decimal integer will be printed • sum specifies what integer will be printed – Calculations can be performed inside printf statements printf( "Sum is %d\n", integer1 + integer2 ); © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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2.4
Memory Concepts
• Variables – Variable names correspond to locations in the computer's memory – Every variable has a name, a type, a size and a value – Whenever a new value is placed into a variable (through scanf , for example), it replaces (and destroys) the previous value – Reading variables from memory does not change them • A visual representation
integer1 45
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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2.4
Memory Concepts
•A visual representation (continued)
integer1 integer1 45 45 integer2 72 integer2 72 sum 117
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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2.5 Arithmetic
• Arithmetic calculations – Use * for multiplication and / for division – Integer division truncates remainder • 7 / 5 evaluates to 1 – Modulus operator( % ) returns the remainder • 7 % 5 evaluates to 2 • Operator precedence – Some arithmetic operators act before others (i.e., multiplication before addition) • Use parenthesis when needed – Example: Find the average of three variables a , b and c • Do not use: a + b + c / 3 • Use: (a + b + c ) / 3 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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2.5 Arithmetic
• Arithmetic operators: C operation Arithmetic operator Algebraic expression Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division + - * /
f + 7 p – c bm x / y
C expression f + 7 p - c b * m x / y r % s Modulus %
r mod s
• Rules of operator precedence: Operator(s) Operation(s) Order of evaluation (precedence) () Parentheses Evaluated first. If the parentheses are nested, the expression in the innermost pair is evaluated first. If there are several pairs of parentheses “on the same level” (i.e., not nested), they are evaluated left to right. *
,
/
,
or % + or - Multiplication,Division, Modulus Addition Subtraction Evaluated second. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right. Evaluated last. If there are several, they are evaluated left to right. © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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2.6
St ep 1.
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
y = 2 * 5 * 5 + 3 * 5 + 7;
(Left m ost mult ip lic at ion)
2 * 5 is 10
St ep 2.
y = 10 * 5 + 3 * 5 + 7; 10 * 5 is 50
(Left m ost mult ip lic at ion) St ep 3.
y = 50 + 3 * 5 + 7; 3 * 5 is 15
St ep 4.
y = 50 + 15 + 7; 50 + 15 is 65
(Mult ip lic at ion bef ore ad dition) (Left m ost ad dit ion) St ep 5.
y = 65 + 7; 65 + 7 is 72
(Last a dd it ion) St ep 6.
y = 72;
(Last op era tio n—p la c e
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
72
in
y
)
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2.6
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
• Executable statements – Perform actions (calculations, input/output of data) – Perform decisions • May want to print "pass" grade or "fail" given the value of a test • if control statement – Simple version in this section, more detail later – If a condition is true , then the body of the if executed statement • 0 is false , non-zero is true – Control always resumes after the if structure • Keywords – Special words reserved for C – Cannot be used as identifiers or variable names © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
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2.6
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
Standard algebraic equality operator or relational operator
Equality Operators
= C equality or relational operator Example of C condition == != x == y x != y Meaning of C condition x is equal to y x is not equal to y
Relational Operators
> > x > y < >= <= < >= <= x < y x >= y x <= y x is greater than y x is less than y x is greater than or equal to y x is less than or equal to y 35 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
1
/* Fig. 2.13: fig02_13.c
2
Using if statements, relational
3
operators, and equality operators */
4
#include
5 6
/* function main begins program execution */
7
int main()
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{
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int num1, /* first number to be read from user */
10
int num2; /* second number to be read from user */
11 12
printf( "Enter two integers, and I will tell you\n" );
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printf( "the relationships they satisfy: " );
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scanf( "%d%d" , &num1, &num2 ); /* read two integers */
16 17
if ( num1 == num2 ) {
18
printf( "%d is equal to %d\n" , num1, num2 );
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} /* end if */
20 21
if ( num1 != num2 ) {
22
printf( "%d is not equal to %d\n" , num1, num2 );
23
} /* end if */
24
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
Outline 36
fig02_13.c (Part 1 of 2)
25
if ( num1 < num2 ) {
26
printf( "%d is less than %d\n" , num1, num2 );
27
} /* end if */
28 29
if ( num1 > num2 ) {
30
printf( "%d is greater than %d\n" , num1, num2 );
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} /* end if */
32 33
if ( num1 <= num2 ) {
34
printf( "%d is less than or equal to %d\n" , num1, num2 );
35
} /* end if */
36 37
if ( num1 >= num2 ) {
38
printf( "%d is greater than or equal to %d\n" , num1, num2 );
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} /* end if */
40 41
return 0 ; /* indicate that program ended successfully */
42 43
} /* end function main */
Enter two integers, and I will tell you the relationships they satisfy: 3 7 3 is not equal to 7 3 is less than 7 3 is less than or equal to 7
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
Outline
fig02_13.c (Part 2 of 2) Program Output
37
Enter two integers, and I will tell you the relationships they satisfy: 22 12 22 is not equal to 12 22 is greater than 12 22 is greater than or equal to 12 Enter two integers, and I will tell you the relationships they satisfy: 7 7 7 is equal to 7 7 is less than or equal to 7 7 is greater than or equal to 7
Outline 38
Program Output (continued)
© Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
2.6
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
Operators * / % Associativity left to right + < == = <= != > >= Fig. 2.14 Precedence and associativity of the operators discussed so far. left to right left to right left to right right to left 39 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .
2.6
Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators
Keywords auto double break case char const continue default else enum extern float for goto do if Fig. 2.15 C’s reserved keywords. int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while 40 © Copyright 1992–2004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved .