Transcript PowerPoint 簡報

Taiwan’s Experiences in
Implementing its WTO
Accession Commitments
Bureau of Foreign Trade
Ministry of Economic Affairs
22 January 2007
Overview
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Decision-making Mechanism
Executive Agency~BOFT
Enquiry Points
Enforcement
Transparency
Notification
Import/Export Control
Dispute Settlement
Trade Policy Review
Training and Public
Communication
2
Chronicle of Taiwan’s Accession
1990/1/1
Submitted application for accession to GATT
1992/9
Working Party established
1995/12/1
Submitted to WTO
2000/4
Finished bilateral consultations with 30 members
1999/7/30
Finished 10 formal Working Party Meetings and 3
informal meetings
2001/9/18
Finished review of Working Party Report
2001/11/11 Membership approved at Doha Ministerial
Conference
2001/12/2
Notified WTO its ratification
2002/1/1
Joined the WTO, becoming the 144th member
3
I.Decision-making Mechanism
Decisionmaking
Chairperson: Vice Premier
Vice Chairperson: Minister of Economic Affairs
Commissioners: Secretary General of Premier; Ministers of Foreign Affairs,
Finance, Transportation and Communications, Health, Agricultural Affairs,
Labor Affairs, Environment, Economic Planning & Development, Financial
Supervisory, and Mainland Affairs
Emergency Reporting Mechanism by Agencies
Coordinating
Premier’s Level
Minister’s Level
Chairpersons: Deputy Ministers of Economic Affairs/Foreign Affairs
Vice Chairperson: Director General of Bureau of Foreign Trade (BOFT,
MOEA); Director General of Department of Economic and Trade Affairs
(MOFA)
Commissioners: Heads of Relevant Bureaus, Departments, Commissions
Directors General’s Level （17 Working Groups)
Coordinating/
Agriculture, SPS, TBT, Investment, Trade Rules, Market Access, Rules of
Implementing
Origin, Import Licensing, Services Trade, IPR, Civil Aircraft, Government
Procurement, Trade & Development, Trade & Environment, Regional Trade
Agreements, Trade Facilitation, Competition
4
II. Executive Agency
Bureau of Foreign Trade
Bilateral
Multilateral
(WTO, APEC, OECD)
ImEx
Management
For WTO affairs, 5
Sections under
Multilateral Trade Affairs
Division responsible for:
Market Access of Nonagricultural Products,
Trade in Services,
Trade Rules,
Dispute Settlement,
Trade & Environment,
Regional Trade Agreements,
Trade Facilitation.
5
III. Enquiry Points
III. Enquiry Points
General Enquiry Point: Bureau of Foreign Trade
(National website on WTO.org)
Click
7
III. Enquiry Points
8
III. Enquiry Points
SPS Enquiry Point:
TBT Enquiry Point:
Bureau of Animal and
Plant Health Inspection
and Quarantine, Council
of Agriculture
Tel: +886 2 2343 1401
Fax: +886 2 2343 1400
Bureau of Standards,
Metrology and
Inspection, Ministry of
Economic Affairs
Tel: +886 2 3343 5115
Fax: +886 2 2343 1804
 Email:[email protected]
 Email: [email protected]
9
III. Enquiry Points
Number of enquiry from other members:
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
SPS
3
9
34
79
38
TBT
N/A
N/A
47
34
47
Number of enquiry requested by Taiwan:
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
SPS
0
25
41
50
14
TBT
NA
NA
10
28
16
Benefits: efficient, responsive, and transparent.
10
IV. Enforcement
IV. Enforcement
Tariff Reduction:
Tariff Rates after Accession:
Agricultural
Products
(Ch. 1-24)
Unit: %
2004 2005
2006
2007 2008
2009 2010 2011
13.60 13.46
13.31
13.16 13.15
13.15 13.15 13.15
Industrial
4.22
Products
(Ch. 25-97)
4.16
4.10
4.10
4.09
4.09
4.09
4.09
Average
(Ch. 1-97)
5.67
5.60
5.57
5.56
5.56
5.56
5.56
5.74
Note: Items under implementation: automobiles, fishery,
some agricultural products.
12
IV. Enforcement
Industrial Policy and Market Opening:
 Tariffication: Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) applied to
small passenger vehicles; tariff rate reduced to
17.5% by 2011.
 Elimination of subsidies & other types of
favorable treatment:
 Export subsidy.
 3% tax deduction for local R&D of car engines,
bodies and chassis by 2005.
 Restrictions lifted:
 Import of motorcycles over 150 c.c. allowed by
the 6th month after accession.
 Manufacture and import of diesel engine small
vehicles allowed.
13
IV. Enforcement
Others:
Elimination of local content requirements
on automobiles, motorcycles, and
components thereof;
Abolition of monopoly system, including:
“Monopoly Tax” replaced by customs duty,
Tobacco and Alcohol Tax, and Business Tax
on imports of tobacco and alcohol. (For
domestic tobacco and alcohol, only the
Tobacco and Alcohol Tax and Business Tax
are imposed.)
14
IV. Enforcement
Difficulties faced:
 Continuous conservative pressure from sensitive
sectors, e.g., garments, automobiles in the Doha
Negotiations.
 Controversial rice wine internal tax:
 NT$185/L for all kinds of distilled spirits, for rice
wine NT$40 in 1998;
 Problems of “false wine” (produced with methanol);
 Everlasting debate in the legislature.
15
V.
Transparency
V.
Transparency
Official Journals/Gazettes:
Prior to 2004: Each ministry published its own
official journal:


Different distribution methods, formats;
Public information was published redundantly
and not easily obtained.
After 2004: “Freedom of Information Law”
introduced. A new gazette system starting from
2005, in Chinese and English.
(http://gazette.nat.gov.tw/egFront/eng/EngIndex.jsp) Click
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V.
Transparency
The Executive Yuan Gazette Online:
18
VI. Notification
VI. Notification
Notification made once upon entry:
completed in 2002
Periodic notification: on a regular basis
Updating notification: when necessary
104 notifications, pursuant to 38 obligations,
were made in the 1st year of accession (2002)
--Taiwan was the first WTO member to fulfill all of the
notification requirements (as stipulated by the Annual
Reminders of Notification list).
20
VI. Notification
National Notification Authority:
Bureau of Foreign Trade
Bureau of
Foreign Trade
•Checking
•Filing
Regular
(laws &
regulations)
Permanent
Mission to
WTO
WTO/CRN
Urgent
(e.g. SPS/TBT
measures)
(Central
Registry of
Notifications)
Document
Circulation
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VI. Notification
Document
Circulation
Questions/
Comments
Regular
Enquiry
Points
Regular
Regular
Agencies in
charge or
concerned
Regular
Urgent
Taiwan’s Commitment: To provide a comment period at
least 60 calendar days before all laws, regulations and
other measures pertaining to or affecting trade in goods,
services, or TRIPS are implemented.
22
VII. Import/Export Control
VII. Import/Export Control
Goal：Liberalization and facilitation
Law：Article 11 of Foreign Trade Act
Export/import of goods shall be liberalized provided,
however, that restriction thereof may be imposed by
reason of the requirements of international treaty, trade
agreement, national defense, social security, culture,
hygiene, environmental/ecological protection, or policy.
System：Negative List -- free trade is the rule
and restriction is the exception
A.List of Commodities Subject to Export/Import
Restriction
• Table 1--Export/Import Prohibition
• Table 2--Conditional Export/Import
B.List of Commodities Entrusted to Customs for
Export/Import Examination
24
VII. Import/Export Control
A、Commodities subject to export prohibition (Table 1)
Name of Product
Dog meat
Number of
Tariff Items
1
Other plants, used for pharmacy
Banned toxic chemicals
5
6
Armored vehicles, warships, and military weapons
Mushroom products containing narcotics
Antique or collector weapons
Collections or antiques
Total
7
2
1
2
24
B、Commodities subject to export licensing (Table 2)
Name of Product5
CFC
Diamonds
Machinery or equipment for semiconductor production
Bromomethane (Methyl Bromide)
Total
Number of
Tariff Items
17
3
21
2
41
25
VII. Import/Export Control
A、Commodities subject to import prohibition (Table 1)
Name of Product
Number of Tariff Items
Mushroom products containing narcotics
2
Dog meat
1
Puffer fish
5
Poppy seeds
1
Banned toxic chemicals
25
Narcotics and preparations
1
Hazardous waste
2
Halon and Fluoro -chloro carbon compounds
19
Total
56
B. Commodities subject to import licensing (Table 2)
Name of Product
Diamond
HCFC
Lead, Cadmium, Chromium waste and scrap
Bromomethane (Methyl Bromide)
Steel and iron products
Total
Number of Tariff Items
3
10
3
2
6
24
26
VII. Import/Export Control
C. Tariff rate quota ：
Name of Product
Rice and rice -based products
Deer velvet
Liquid milk
Peanuts and processed products
Red beans
Garlic, garlic bulbs
Shiitake (forest mushrooms)
Dried day lilies
Coconuts
Betel nuts
Bananas
Pineapples
Mangoes
Shaddocks
Other Fresh pears (excluding European pears)
Persimmons
Longans
Mackerel
Carangid fish
Herrings, sprat sardines, and anchovies
Motor vehicle and chassis
Total
Number of Tariff Items
30
1
17
11
9
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
4
21
26
142
27
VII. Import/Export Control
Statistics of the Export and Import Regulations
Classification
Descriptions
Export
31 December
2006
Item
%
24
0.22%
Import
31 December
2006
Item
%
56
0.51%
Table 1
(Export/Import prohibition）
Commodities
Table 2
Subject to （Conditional Export/Import）
Export/Import （Export/Import permit issued 41
0.38%
24
0.22%
Restriction
by the Bureau of Foreign
Trade）
Sub total
65
0.6%
80
0.73%
Commodities Entrusted to 607
5.57% 1,038 9.53%
Export/ Import
customs for Export/Import
Permitted
Examination
(free from
Other
10,223 93.83% 9,777 89.74%
licensing)
Sub total
10,830 99.4% 10,815 99.27%
Total
10,895 100.00 10,895 100.00
28
VII. Import/Export Control
Strategic High Technology Commodity
Export Controls (SHTC)
Key Administrative Approaches
Administrative Authorities And Their
Respective Capabilities
Approaches Toward Strengthening the Export
Control System and Challenges for Taiwan
Catch-All Control System
29
VII. Import/Export Control
Strategic High Technology Commodity
Export Controls
SHTC’s Categories
Restricted Areas
Self-management of Exporters
Permit Issuance Administration
Criminal Penalties
Administrative Penalties
Challenges and Needed Efforts
30
Thank you.
VIII. Dispute Settlement
VIII. Dispute Settlement
Experience in Applying the WTO DS Mechanism

Current Status:
Type of Legal
Proceedings
Number of Cases
As Third Party
34
As Complainant:
Consultations under the
DSU
2
(US 201 Steel Case; India
AD Case)
As Complainant:
Bilateral Consultations
under specific agreements
2
(Korea DTY AD Case; China
Steel Safeguard Case)
33
VIII. Dispute Settlement
Case 1. The US Definitive Safeguard Measures on
Certain Steel Products
2001/6/28: The US declared the imposition of safeguard
measures on certain steel products.
 2002/8/22: A Panel was established in response to
requests by 8 WTO Members. Taiwan participated in the
proceedings as a third party.
2002/12/12: Taiwan held consultations with the US. In
addition, 13 WTO Members requested consultations with
the US under the WTO DSU.
2003/7/11 & 11/10: The US steel safeguard measures were
found inconsistent with relevant WTO Agreements by the
Panel and Appellate Body.
2003/12/5: The US lifted the disputed measures.
34
VIII. Dispute Settlement
Case 2. Anti-dumping Measures Imposed by India
2005/2/16: Taiwan held consultations with India on 7
AD measures imposed by India on Taiwanese
products (Acrylic Fibers, Sodium Nitrite, Analgin,
Potassium Permanganate, Paracetamol, Caustic Soda,
Green Veneer Tape) according to the WTO DSU.
The result was fruitful. India terminated 5 out of 7
measures due to the consultations.
2006/8/23: Taiwan held a 2nd round of consultations
on the remaining Caustic Soda case.
35
VIII. Dispute Settlement
Case 3. AD Duties on DTY by South Korea
Comparison of dumping margins among affected countries
Country
Taiwan
China
Malaysia
Preliminary
duty
6.64％18.43%
6.36%10.95%
3.88%
Final Duty
2.6%8.69%
6.53%8.69%
2.78%
36
VIII. Dispute Settlement
Case 4. China Steel Safeguard
 2002/12/12: Taiwan held consultations with China.
37
IX. Trade Policy Review
IX. Trade Policy Review
Outline
1. WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism
(TPRM)
2. Preparing for the Trade Policy Review
Meeting
3. Questions from WTO Members
4. Meeting
1. WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM)
1.Objectives of the TPRM
The TPRM is required to periodically review the trade policies
and practices of all Members, in order to achieve greater
transparency in, and understanding of, Members’ trade policies
and practices.
It is not intended to serve as a basis for the enforcement of
specific obligations under the Agreements or for dispute
settlement procedures, or to impose new policy commitments on
Members.
2.Frequency of reviews － defined in terms of their share of world
trade
Top four trading entities (EU, USA, China, Japan) shall be
reviewed every two years.
The next 16 (ROC included) shall be reviewed every four years.
Other Members shall be reviewed every six years.
40
1. WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism(TPRM)
3. TPR Meeting
 The Basic Components of a TPR Meeting:
- WTO Secretariat Report
- Government Report (by Member under review)
- Statement presented by Member under review and
answers to questions posed by other Members

The Procedure of a TPR Meeting:
- Day 1 (First session): Opening statements by Member
under review (15 minutes) and discussant; remarks and
questions from the floor.
- Day 2 (Recession): Member under review prepares its
responses .
- Day 3 (Second session): Member under review replies to
questions; discussion is held; session is concluded by
41
Chairperson.
2. Preparing for the Trade Policy Review Meeting
1.WTO Secretariat collected information and visited capital (Taipei)
Jan. WTO Secretariat required us to provide copies of
2005 economic/financial annual reports, laws,
regulations and other documentation.
Feb. WTO Secretariat visited us to brief us on the TPR
2005 mechanism, and to gain a basic understanding of
our trade policies and measures.
Sep. WTO Secretariat posed further questions for us
2005 to answer.
Nov. WTO Secretariat visited us again to clarify trade
2005 policies and measures with related authorities.
Jan.- WTO Secretariat sent report draft to us and
Feb. requested our comments.
42
2006
2.Preparing for the Trade Policy Review Meeting
2.Preparation before the Mission left for the meeting
May
2006
14 June
2006
17 June
2006
19-21
June
2006
The mission attended a preparation
meeting and made a briefing to the Vice
Premier.
Held a meeting to review responses to
questions posed by WTO Members.
The mission attended another preparation
meeting and made a briefing to the Vice
Premier.
Held another meeting to re-check
responses to questions posed by WTO
Members.
43
2. Preparing for the Trade Policy Review Meeting
3.Contents of WTO Secretariat Report (107 pages)
I.
Economic environment: Macroeconomic performance,
policies and prospects; developments in trade; tax reform;
financial reform…
II. Trade policy regime: Trade policy objectives; trade
agreements and arrangements; trade disputes and
consultations…
III. Trade policies and practices (by measure): Measures
directly affecting imports and exports
IV. Trade policies (by sector): Agriculture, Energy and
Utilities, Manufacturing, Services
44
2. Preparing for the Trade Policy Review Meeting
4.Contents of Government Report (21 pages)
I. Introduction: Support multilateral system and actively
participate in Doha Round negotiations.
II. Economic Developments (2002-2005): Statistics on economic
performance, trade and foreign investment.
III. Economic and Trade Policy Regime: Adjustments for
economic transformation, implementation of accession
commitments, ongoing reforms.
IV. Trade Policy Developments: Multilateral activities
(WTO/DDA, OECD); bilateral trade relations (FTAs, RTAs).
V. Future Policy Directions: Raising competitiveness and moving
toward sustainable development, promoting further
liberalization.
45
2. Preparing for the Trade Policy Review Meeting
5. The Mission
TPR Meeting: 20 and 22 June 2006
Head of the Mission: Vice Minister of the
MOEA
Participants: Total 32 members: MOFA (2),
MOF (2), Central Bank (2), MOEA (13) .…
46
3. Questions from WTO Members
1.Questions and Issues
• Questioned by 15 members: Singapore (8); Switzerland (6); New
Zealand (24); Japan (24); China (37); EU (39); Australia (11); USA
(18)、Hong Kong (6); Canada (31); Turkey (7); Colombia (40); Costa
Rica (31); Korea (9); Brazil (7). Total number of questions: 298.
• Issues:
Goods
Tariffs; Customs procedures; Agriculture; Textiles;
Non-tariff Measures; Subsidies
Services
Maritime transport; Telecommunications; Financial
Services
Restrictions on foreign direct investment; Service
fees charged by ports; Trade Promotion Fund
Investment,
Incentives
and Fees
Relations
with China
Other
Restrictions on goods imported from China;
Restrictions on Taiwanese investment in China
47
Government Procurement; Competition; Privatization;
IPR
4. Meeting
1. First day (20 June): Attended by WTO Director
General Pascal Lamy
(1) Chairperson of TPR Meeting: The Ambassador
of Columbia presided over the meeting.
(2) Statement by Head of Mission (Vice Minister
of MOEA; 30 minutes)
(3) Discussant remarks
(4) Remarks and questions from the floor
2. Second day (21 June) (Recession)
Member under review prepared its responses.
3. Third day (22 June): Attended by WTO Deputy
Director General Rufus H. Yerxa
Vice Minister of MOEA replied to questions and
remarks from the discussant and other
Members.
48
5. Participating in Other Members’ TPR Meetings
1. Taiwan’s criteria for selecting WTO
Members for a Trade Policy Review
(TPR):
(1) Major trading partners with which we
have a considerable amount of bilateral
trade and investment
(2) Important export and/or import
markets
49
5. Participating in Other Members’ TPR Meetings
2. Process of carrying out a TPR:
(1). Collect the WTO Secretariat’s TPR Report
and/or the soon-to-be-reviewed country’s
TPR Report.
(2) Distribute the individual chapters of the two
Reports to relevant agencies for a preliminary
review.
(3) Collect a draft of questions or responses from
the various agencies.
(4) Engage in further review and discussion
between the BOFT, agencies and TPKM
representatives in Geneva.
50
5. Participating in Other Members’ TPR Meetings
2. Process of carrying out a TPR:
(5)Build a formal list of questions and submit it
to the WTO Secretariat via TPKM
representatives approximately two weeks
before the WTO/TPR meeting.
(6)Arrange for BOFT officials to attend the
WTO/TPR meeting and exchange views on
questions, answers and additional
information.
(7)Distribute the written responses from the
reviewed Member to the agencies which
submitted the questions.
51
X. Training and Public
Communication
Outline
1.Economic Talent Training
-WTO Trade Policy Course
-Enacted the “Talent Training Act for
International Economic Affairs” in 2003
-Achievements
2. Public Communication
1. Economic Talent Training
1.WTO Trade Policy Course
Before our accession to the WTO, we endeavored
to participate in this course in Switzerland, at our
own expense.
Total number of participants so far: 16
2. Enacted the “Talent Training Act for
International Economic Affairs” in 2003
Courses “Made to Order”- Training courses
designed to meet the needs of industry,
government and academia. Implemented by
respective authorities.
54
1. Economic Talent Training
3. Achievements

Inter-Government Departments ：
1. Basic WTO Courses
- Focus on WTO Agreements
- Suitable for new public officials
- More than 30 participants every year
55
1. Economic Talent Training
3. Achievements
 Inter-Government Departments ：
2. Special Courses on WTO Affairs
- Suitable for mid-level public officials
- Organized by foreign well-known universities or
institutes, or by our government.
- In 2003, 30 public officials attended the WTO Courses at
Harvard University in the USA.
- In 2004, the BOFT commissioned the Swiss World Trade
Institute to design WTO Courses for 40 public officials in
Taipei.
- Since 2005, we have invited foreign experts to teach
courses on WTO issues in Taipei.
56
1. Economic Talent Training
3. Achievements

Inter-Government Departments ：
3. WTO Courses for high level officials
- Suitable for high-level public officials
- Courses designed based on international trade and
economic trends
- Approximately 50 participants every year; total of 260
participants
57
1. Economic Talent Training
3. Achievements

Academic Institutions ：
1. WTO Seminar for Students
- Short-term seminars combine issues of WTO agreements,
international economy and negotiation training.
- Students recommended by universities and colleges.
- Total number of participants: 273
2. WTO Seminar for Teachers
- Short-term seminars focused on issues of WTO Doha
Round negotiations or the international economy, to
enhance the WTO knowledge of teachers in universities
and colleges.
- Total number of participants: 249
58
1. Economic Talent Training
3. Achievements

Industry ：
-- Every year, the government subsidizes the
National Federation of Industries to organize
WTO seminars and Anti-dumping training
courses, to enhance members’ understanding
of WTO operation and issues.
59
2. Public Communication
1.Before WTO Accession
Objective:
The government exchanged views and opinions
with industries, to help industries better
understand both business opportunities and
impacts of WTO accession, and to make reaction
plans early.
Modes:
Seminars, Communication Meetings,
Explanation Meetings, Website
60
2. Public Communication
2.The Eve of WTO Accession
From November 2000 to March 2001, the
government held 70 seminars on “Supporting
WTO Entry, Grasping Global Opportunities. ”.
These were greeted with enthusiastic response
and support from industries.
61
2. Public Communication
3. After WTO Accession
Objective:
-To help people understand latest progress of
WTO Doha Round negotiations and issues.
-To help domestic industries grasp the right
timing for trade liberalization, and actively
participate in international economic affairs.
62
2. Public Communication
3. After WTO Accession
Modes:
Communication Meetings, Explanation Meetings,
Workshops, WTO Website, WTO e-paper
Achievements :
1. Held 9 workshops in Taipei, Taichung and
Kaohsiung Cities.
63
2. Public Communication
3. After WTO Accession
Achievements :
2. WTO Website
-Real-time WTO News, WTO documents and
research reports database, on-line learning
platform of WTO courses.
-BOFT website: http://cwto.trade.gov.tw
-Chung-Hua Institution for Economic Research
(CIER) established Taiwan WTO Center website.
http://www.wtocenter.org.tw (Commissioned by
the BOFT)
64
2. Public Communication
3. After WTO Accession
Achievements :
3. WTO E-paper
-Provides the latest information on WTO
activities and research reports once every two
weeks.
-Total number of editions published: 76
-More than 14,000 subscribers, of which 90%
are from the industrial and academic fields.
65
2. Public Communication
3. After WTO Accession
Achievements :
4. Cooperation with mass media
-WTO website provides a special column, entitled
“WTO and Business” to the “Commercial
Times” daily newspapers, in an effort to enhance
readers’ understanding of the WTO.
66
Thank you.