Transcript Presentazione di PowerPoint
SCEF- 2003 International Workshop 30 Sep., 1 Oct. 2003 , Rome
http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/SCEF
Socio-Cognitive Engineering Foundations and Applications: from Humans to Nations
(
an introduction
) Adam Maria Gadomski High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA & Sc. Board of ECONA, Italy
http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/
This position paper will be available in the Proceedings of the SCEF-2003 Workshop
© 2003, A.M.Gadomski. All rights reserved. - Only for citation purposes.
SCEF-2003 International Workshop
http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/SCEF/
HID
Presentation outline
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Foundations, Paradigms, Context SCE Domains, Activities and Strategy Complexity & Objectives Methodology: TOGA Intelligent Organization, Roles & Decision-Making Technology: Intelligent Decision Support Systems Conclusions
© 2003 Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
About “Foundations”
Foundations
is a basic theoretical framework of a research or engineering field.
It includes: - initial assumptions/axioms/paradigms - its conceptualization tools: methods, methodologies - basic ontology of the domain of interest.
Its objective is to provide tools for computational models development.
Computational model
: formal model which may be implemented on computer and enables computer simulations.
HID
© 2003 Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
About “ Paradigms ”
Paradigms
are arbitrary chosen.
They are invariant rules/laws which are defined on a highest abstraction/generalization level.
They are either ontological assumptions or methods employed in the domain
.
One of the key difficulties related to the acceptation of paradigms are their choice criteria (usually implicit).
HID
© 2003 Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
About “Human Errors”
Human error
: Human action or inaction that can produce unintended results (*) or system failures (**).
(*) [ISO/ ITC Information Technology Vocabulary,96] (**) [ NUREC-1624]
Machine failures Human errors
Complex consequences interrelations
[Gadomski, 2002 ]
Reliability problems Safety problems
HID
© Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
Socio-Cognitive Engineering Context:
3
rd
Generation Research
SCE belongs to third research generation in the human culture.
These generations are distinguishable by development: the following specific techno-scientific
First Generation
-
specialization approach
;
incremental grown
of subject oriented sciences and technologies. They are well isolated and self-limited by: their language (conceptualization systems), observation/measurement tools and engineering approaches.
Second Generation
-
interdysciplinary approach
;
autonomous cooperation
between different branches of research caused by common interests and by the tentative of an unification of their objectives-oriented and interface terminology.
Third Generation
-
over-disciplinary approach
;
building new common perspectives
, shared top conceptualization and ontology (redefinition of basic terms from a higher more abstract/universal perspective), in such way that they become valid for many, before separated research fields (something similar to the unification in physics).
At present At a consequence, in 3 rd technology development process
.
generation of research, the integration of science and
should be seen as
one parallel goal-driven incremental
© Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/
About SCE Intervention Domain
Domain
of SCE are systems/networks of interacting humans and human like intelligent entities.
H
human
HS
humans system communication link
R
s/h technologies robot can be substituted by
R HID H HS HS H
Intelligent Web - individuals - organizations - associations - communities - society - nations
We use an object-based framework for initial conceptualization of any Intelligence-based systems
© Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
An Example of ABSTRACT VIEW OF INTERACTING NETWORKS
[ From Sandro Bologna presentation,2003] PHYSICAL BIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONAL
H
ZOOM
Complex systems
Made of many non-identical
elements
connected by diverse
interactions
.
NETWORK
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM NETWORK
Fonte: Corriere della Sera 30.09.03
About Intervention Domain
:
Human Errors
Socio-Cognitive Engineering application for
Multi-grid Large Complex Critical Systems/ Infrastructures
(LCCI) (such as electricity, telecommunication, gas networks)
Human component Artificial Highly-Autonomous
(Intelligent Agent)
component
for
Decision-support systems Production/Transmission /Control component
of Physical &Technological Layers
Technological Grid
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Copyright
: High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA, http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Organisation Network
Author: Adam Maria Gadomski , 28/09/2003
Human Factors
About Intervention ACTIVITIES
SCE
contributes to the Vulnerability Analysis and to the Improvement of Robustness of Large Complex Critical Systems
Systems)
.
(Humans-Technology
Human Errors Social Consequences
Key Intervention Activities
• Users/human Modelling and Simulation • Organization Structures and Decision-Making Modelling and Simulation • Assessment of Social Risk and Impacts • Intrusions and Mismanagement
Development and Simulation of
Autonomous
Artificial Intelligent Organizations
embedded in
Complex Human-Technology Systems
. ©
Copyright
: High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO,ENEA, http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
About
Strategy
of Socio-Cognitive Engineering
Socio-Cognitive Engineering
takes under consideration the interests and points of view of: citizens, employers, managers, owners & politicians SCE Integrated Strategy is
human-centered and technology-based Identification of the System of Interest and its contexts Design of System Modification System Validation and Design of self- regulation Management Strategy
©
Copyright
: High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO,ENEA, http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 27/09/2003
SOCIO-COGNITIVE ENGINEERING
Integrated Approach
Complexity Domains: Sustainable Development Strategic Factors
(Application of the TOGA Methodology covers here computational modelling task)
Technology Barrier
Technology is nothing without Competences
Knowledge Barrier
Competences are nothing without Motivation Management
Cognitive Barrier Organizational Barrier
Management is inefficient under not adequate Organizational Constrains.
Cultural Barrier
All above are nothing if Socio-Cultural Context are neglected
.
© Copyright: High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski, 28/09/2003
SCE
:
Problem of Real-word Complexity
Different Interrelations Different Study Directions Different Perspectives Different Dependences © Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group Different Methods
Domain
All in Human-Technology Systems is Complex
Tools
: Conceptualization,Methods, Methodologies
Management TOOLS DOMAIN MANAGEMENT
Complex Activites Complex Complex Complex Context Complex
Models of Socio Cognitive Systems
© Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
About SCE Complexity
Complexity in SCE is not only a physical complexity but it includes complexity of mental processes and actions of an intelligent entity.
SCE complexity includes new attributes, such as :
Vagueness, Uncertainty Conflicts, Incomplete knowledge, Variable access to information, Emotions, Irrationality, Ethical preferences, Organizational & Socio-cultural factors.
HID
All of them influence Decisional Processes
© Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
SOCIO-COGNITIVE ENGINEERING:
Objectives
Numerous improvements of real Socio-Cognitive Systems (SCS)
on the levels of
efficacy of
and
interactions between
their components
( defined before).
Examples of problems:
- Interaction between individuals and always more complex information and business society, Efficiency and “life cycle” of human organizations, - Relation between decision-making and organization structures - Diagnosis of pathologies of human organizations - Individual Interest and Organization Interest impacts - Strategies of the development: democratic, centralized - Technological Support and Intelligent Artifacts © Copyuright: High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski, 28/09/2003
SOCIO-COGNITIVE ENGINEERING for LCCIs
(Large Complex Critical Infrastructures)
Socio-Cognitive Engineering
takes under consideration the interests and points of view of
owners, operators and customers
of LCCIs
: +
LCCIs customers need the reliability and continuous providing of the services as long as possible and at low cost as possible.
+
LCCIs operators wish to be well informed about the infrastructure state and require its efficient management to satisfy customers expectations
+
LCCIs owners are focused on the socio-economic aspects of LCCIs.
ENEA’s Competences
Modelling Metodology User & Decision-Maker Models & Architecture TOGA
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Copyright
: High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO,ENEA, http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Intelligent Organisation Modelling & Simulation
Adam M. Gadomski , 27/09/2003
About
Methodology
How is possible to cope with so complex domain and objectives?
Top-down Object-Based Goal-oriented Approach (TOGA)
TOGA is goal-oriented complex-knowledge ordering computational tool. It assumes the top-down
observation metaphor
, to see complex problems
from a bird eye’s view
; this means to first identify a problem’s most general context constraints which remain always true and mandatory for every successive level of its specification (“fleshing out”).
It is based on formal step-by-step decomposition of the relation: Intelligent Entity Environment
© Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
SCE has to use new thinking methods
TOGA METHODS
The methods are divided on: 1. New Methodology/method of
Cooperation
between a SCE project partners 2. New Methodology/method for
Objectives Achieving
, where the Cooperation Method is focused only on the efficacy of the realization of Objectives Achieving Methodology.
They both, in different proportions, are based on parallel, top-down and goal-oriented application of
main paradigms of physics, systemics, cognitive and social sciences related to a generic intelligence
. The meta-theoretical approach TOGA is assumed as a initial methodological and ontological framework. [ see References].
The top methodology includes in parallel, top-down goal-oriented tools development and their subsequent applications.
Examples
© Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
SCE utility
Examples of human/organizational errors
• US Blackout 2003
“The initiating events appear to have happened under the lazy
eyes of a mismanaged utility, but underlying conditions made a massive U.S. power failure almost inevitable”
[IEEE Spectrum, 23 Sep.2003, Special Report.] • Italia Energetic Blackout 2003.
• Cernobyl Nuclear Disaster, Apr. 26, 1986.
•… • ENEA commissioning, Italy, 2002 © Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski, 28/09/2003
SOCIO-COGNITIVE ENGINEERING (SCE):
Humans Modelling
Application of TOGA (Top down Object-based Goal oriented Approach)
Modelling Frameworks
P I IPK Computational Model
(Information, Preferences, Knowledge)
Problem Specifications
are: Requested & Modified
Information K Models are Knowledge Motivations
create proper
Preferences
which activate adequate Knowledge
Human ERRORs :
Not proper or not sufficient
Information
Lack or not proper Importance Scale
(Preferences, risk ass.)
Not proper or not sufficient instructions, procedures (
Knowledge
) Wrong Cognitive and Organizational Factors (
Motivations
).
© Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
Disaster Managers: simple model example Example
Agent 2
P K I – information system P – preferences system K – knowledge system
Agent 1
K P I 2 I 1 Infrastructure Network
Real Emergency Domain Agent 3
K I 3 P P I n I K P
Agent Manager Agent N
C Many places for human and organizational errors can be evidenced.
Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
SCE perspective on a Large Research Center (LRC)
Example
Factors: Top-down Identification
• Research Paradigms System • Research Means • Support Technological Means • Research Results/Products • Socio-Business Laws • Socio-Cognitive Context
Components:
• Human components • Technological components • Informational components • Economical components • Political components In general, from socio-cognitive perspective: it is necessary
to see how a decision-maker sees his domain of activity
.
Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
SCE:
Large Research Center (LRC)
Example Application of LRC’s Competences IPK Computational Model Project Specifications
are: Requested & Produced
Information Motivations
create proper
Preferences
which activate adequate Competences Competences LRC’s are
Knowledge Application of SCE Theorem to LRC
( “light” version)
LRC ’s Competences are useful if and only if the motivations of human Intelligent Agents will be developed and properly managed
.
Human ERROR
(on 1st metalevel):
If motivation-management is not adequate then competences are not activated or corrupted.
Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
SOCIO-COGNITIVE ENGINEERING
:
Intelligent Organization
General Functional Frame
Mission/Fundation-Goal
Organization
Products
TOGA theory framework
Intelligent Organization
is defined by reciprocally dependent roles of interacting/communicating intelligent subjects which should act in order to archive common goal ( usually defined in the organization statute ).
Organization is specified by the set of
roles
, its
structure
,
decisional mechanisms
and
resources
.
Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
Dynamic Role model
(computational)
Definitions according TOGA
Role
( competences, duties, privileges )
Competences
: what he/she/it is able to do, possessed models of the domain (
knowledge
)
Duties
: responsibility, tasks and requested
preferences Privileges
: Access to the information. It produces conceptual images of the domain. Access to execution tools (
information
).
Every role is specified by its own IPK Bases Set: Information Bases Preferences Bases Knowledge Bases
– how situation looks, continuously updated – importance scales/relations, ethics rules – required models & know how Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
Universal Management Paradigm (UMP) Pattern-based Structure: Subjective, Incremental, Recursive
H-INTERFACE
SUPERVISOR
Knowledge Preferences
ADVISOR
expertises tasks
MANAGER
information cooperation
COOPERATING MANAGER
information tasks
INFORMER
IN/EX H -INTERFACE
EXECUTOR UMP includes 6 canonical roles and their interrelations HID
© Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
Pathologies of Organizations: Examples
Every human-agent is in 3 roles together :
1.
Organizational role
– requested/defined by the structure (fixed) 2.
Informal role
– applied, structure independent (variable) 3.
Personal/real role
– really realized (variable)
Conflicts of Roles
Dynamics of roles creates lack of congruence between them & conflict of interests Compromise, inefficient, risky decisions
Conflict of Interests/Motivations
Differ
Risk-Benefits
HID
relation for
Social interest Organization interest Personal interest © Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
Decision-Making
New Information Knowledge Base
Decision-Making
Preferences Base No action/response Meta-action/Pseudo-action Action adequate to D M’er role and situation
Definitions
[TOGA]
Decision-making :
an individual or group reasoning activity/process implied by the request/necessity of a choice caused by received information or task, or by delivered conclusion about possibility of risks/benefits. It is started when either choice criteria are unknown or alternatives are unknown and finished when choice is performed.
Action-oriented decision-making :
it is a decisional process when alternatives represent possible actions in pre-chosen physical domain.
Mental decision-making :
when the final choice refers not to actions but to conceptual objects related to a preselected domain of activity of intelligent agent.
Group decision-making
: when responsibility for decision is allocated to a group of intelligent agents and is based on shared decision-making process.
© Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
Decision-Making
(computational models)
alternatives reasoning path
?
critical node decision
?
data
d-m
decision
Types of Proper and Pathological Decisions Main classes
: - meta-D-M , - pseudo D-M, -
proper D-M.
Pathologies are related to :
-
response on source type
( “safety” filters ); -
response on subject
( lack of competences, emotions, out of Interest).
-
response according domain-preferences
(organizational role): proper D-M.
Controlability & updating of Ethics concept
If
D-M autonomy increases
then:
Efficacy of Control decreases
&
Importance of Ethics and personal motivation increases
. This rule indicate importance of
Motivation Management.
© Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
SCE Ontological Tools -TOGA
TOGA provides tools which could be used for Identification/Specification of real-world problems:
Complex domain: SPG Modelling framework Complex interventions: WAG Modelling framework Risky decisions: Risk-based Reasoning Model
Intelligent entity modelling with Human Factors , such as: Emotions Irrationalities Motivations HID Fractal-like Multi- and Meta- Modeling, and Simulations tools are required.
Technology support: IDSS
© Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
SOCIO-COGNITIVE ENGINEERING (SCE) :
Intelligent Supports
Reinforcement of the LCCI network by
Internal Artificial Intelligent Agents Organization
Reinforcement of Human Organization by
Intelligent Decision Support Agents’ Grid
Higher Infrastructure Network Autonomy Better Human Control and Supervision Selected Infrastructure Infrastructure Dependencies Copy rights High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 8/10/2003
IDSS: Intelligent Decision Support Systems
What is it ?
“Software program that integrates human intellectual and computer capacities to improve decision making quality, in semi structured problems situations” [Keen, Scott-Morton, 1996]
DSS IDSS
Provides passive
Informational
Aid and Toolkits Provides active, partially autonomous
Decisional
which involve human-like computational intelligence.
Aid
When IDSS is important?
•
amount of information
necessary for the management is so large, or its time density is so high, that the probability of human errors under time constrains is not negligible.
• coping with
unexpected situation
requires remembering, mental elaboration and immediate application of complex professional knowledge, which if not properly used,
causes fault decisions
.
More information: http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT FOR RESEARCH MANAGEMENT EXAMPLE
Situation Assessment & Decision Making is based on:
Information
: DOMAIN status,
Knowledge
: rules, procedures, instructions,
Preferences:
role criteria
,
risk criteria, resources criteria,...
Research Activities
Continuous monitoring
Administrative Activities
Actions
Financial & Decisional requests Periodical monitoring
Strategic INTELLIGENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
Information
Strategic Activities
© Copyright High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group, CAMO, ENEA , http://erg4146.casaccia.enea.it
MIND
Tasks
link to computer networks
Adam M. Gadomski , 28/09/2003
Conclusions
Nowadays SCE is a response on dramatically grown risk of negative consequences of Human Errors , it is inevitable tool of XXI Century.
Complexity of problems requires new 3 rd Generation Approaches, such as TOGA multi-factor problem representation and parallel modelling, and IDSS development.
- Key problems refer to the understanding and transparency of decision-making processes for their intelligent actors-contributors.
- Socio-Cognitive Engineering requires new specialists on organization, national and international levels.
- EU promotes assessment of possible socio-cognitive impacts, innovation governance and new updated roles for policymakers. - EC coordinates cross-integrations of national initiatives with objective of parallel harmonic and sustainable development of science, technology and society.
The above mentioned tasks have to be supported by theoretical foundations and in consequence, by conscious, wise and socio-ethical responsible decision-making.
HID
© Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
Conclusions
Futurology: extrapolations
Future Grow in Arbitrary Units 500 400 300 200 100 0
Physics & Energy Chemistry & Bioengin.
Social & Knowledge Engin.
Current name is
Socio Cognitive Engineering
Extrapolation of the current trends in three basic macro-engineering domains. [US Sources, DARPA, Web, 2000]
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Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group
References
For more information see
:
1 2 A.M. Gadomski
, Lectures on Safety and Reliability of Human-Machine Systems
. Materials of SA-EUNET EU Project, 1998.
A.M. Gadomski
, SOPHOCLES Project – Cyber Virtual Enterprise for Complex Systems Engineering: Cognitive Intelligent Interactions Manager for Advanced e-Design,
Transparent-sheets, 28/08/2001, ENEA. ITEA.
4 A.M.Gadomski.
TOGA: A Methodological and Conceptual Pattern for modeling of Abstract Intelligent Agent
.Proceedings of the "First International Round-Table on Abstract Intelligent Agent". A.M. Gadomski (editor), 25-27 Gen., Rome, 1993, Publisher ENEA, Feb.1994.
6. A.M.Gadomski, "
The Nature of Intelligent Decision Support Systems
". The key paper of the Workshop on "Intelligent Decision Support Systems for Emergency Management ", Halden, 20th-21st October, 1997.
7.
8.
A.M.Gadomski, S. Bologna, G.Di Costanzo, A.Perini, M. Schaerf.
Towards Intelligent Decision Support Systems for Emergency Managers
: The IDA Approach. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2001. A.M.Gadomski, A.Straszak.
Socio-Cognitive Engineering Paradigms for Business Intelligence Modelling: the TOGA conceptualization.
Proceedings of the 5th Business Information System International Conference – BIS 2002, Poznan, Poland, April 24-25, 2002.
9. A.M.Gadomski,
Socio-Cognitive Scenarios for Business Intelligence Reinforcement: TOGA Approach,
The paper preliminary accepted for publicatiin in "International Quarterly of Cognitive Science “, 2003.
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Adam Maria Gadomski, http:// erg4146.casaccia.enea.it/ High-Intelligence & Decision Research Group