The American Civil War (1861-1865); AKS38; Ch.11

Ch. 11 AKS 38

EQ

• What were the major differences between the Union and the Confederacy with regard to strengths, weaknesses, and military strategies?

• How did these differences present themselves on and off the battlefield in the early stages of the Civil War?

A House Divided • With a partner discuss what you think Lincoln is trying to say in this 1958 speech: • “’A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing, or all the other. Either the opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it and place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it is in the course of ultimate extinction, or its advocates will push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the states, old as well as new, North as well as South.”

Fort Sumter

•

Fort Sumter

—Union outpost in Charleston harbor • Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter − Lincoln’s dilemma • First shots April 12, 1861

Order of Secession

Advantages/Strategies of War

North/Union President Lincoln

• Soldiers, factories, food, railroads •

Anaconda plan

: Union strategy to conquer South − Blockade Southern ports • What does “blockade” mean?

− divide Confederacy in two in west − capture Richmond, Confederate capital

South/Confederacy President Jefferson Davis

• Cotton profits, generals, motivation • defense • invade North if opportunity arises • Incredible will (The Rebel Yell!!!!!)

http://www.history.com/shows/americ a-the-story-of-us/videos/abraham lincoln#lincolns-war-machine

Review

• Where were the first shots fired?

• What were the strengths of the Union?

• What were the strengths of the Confederacy?

• What was the strategy of the Union?

• What was the strategy of the Confederacy?

The Generals

North

• Ulysses S. Grant − Had reputation as a drunkard − One many battles on the Western front of the War before being promoted − Unlikely hero – brave and tough − 18 th President − Always wore a privates uniform despite being a general

South

• Robert E. Lee − Lincoln’s first choice to lead the Union Army − Incredible soldier and military expert − One of the best generals in U.S. history − Did not support slavery but was loyal to Virginia

The most significant advantage to the North….

Abe Lincoln in 1861 Abe Lincoln in 1865

Abraham Lincoln

• Honest, eloquent, and courageous • The “Great Emancipator” • Lawyer by trade • Born in Kentucky, but call Illinois home • Arguably the best President in history • Thought of as a rube during his life • First President to be assassinated • “Dark horse” • Used bible stories to communicate to people

http://www.history.com/shows/americ a-the-story-of-us/videos/abraham lincoln#abraham-lincoln

Bull Run – first major bloodshed

• Major defeat for the Union • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson − “"There is Jackson standing like a stone wall. Let us determine to die here, and we will conquer. Rally behind the Virginians!"

Review

• Who was the President of the U.S.

• Who was the President of the Confederacy?

• Who was the leading General of the Union?

• Who was the leading General of the confederacy?

Antietam, Maryland

• Bloodiest single day battle in the history of the United States − Approximately 23,000 soldiers killed • Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue • - Lincoln fires McClellan

http://www.history.com/videos/the battle-of-antietam#the-battle-of antietam

Ch11.2

EQ

• Why did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863?

• Explain the significance of Lincoln’s use of emergency powers.

Lincoln’s views on slavery

• Federal government has no power to abolish slavery where it exists • Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who labor for Confederacy • Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the South

Letter to Horace Greely (1862)

“My paramount object in this struggle is to save

the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that.” Get with an elbow partner and discuss what you think about Lincoln’s views on slavery (3 min) GO!

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

•

Emancipation Proclamation

—issued by Lincoln in 1863: − frees slaves behind Confederate lines − does not apply to areas occupied by Union or slave states in Union

Reactions to Proclamation

• Proclamation has symbolic value, gives war high moral purpose − What do we mean by “symbolic” value?

• Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery • Northern Democrats claim will antagonize South, prolong war • Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve way of life • Compromise no longer possible; one side must defeat the other

•

Dealing with dissent and disloyalty

•

Habeas Corpus

– order to bring accused to court, name charges − − Lincoln suspends First time in U.S. History

Copperheads

—Northern Democrats advocating peace —among arrested

Conscription

• Casualties, desertions lead to

conscription

—draft to serve in army • Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to serve for them • Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted − Why do you think this might be?

Review

• What were the results of the Emancipation Proclamation?

• Why did Lincoln issue the order?

• What is Habeas Corpus?

ONE WORD

• Describe what we talked about today in one word!

• Let’s share!

Before we watch the video, think about…

• What it must have been like for free-blacks to fight for the Union…

African-American Soldiers

• African Americans 1% of North’s population, by war’s end 10% of army • Lower pay than white troops for most of war; limits on military rank • High mortality from disease; POWs killed or returned to slavery

Southern reaction to black soldiers

The Rebels also considered enlisting slaves in battle. Georgia Gen. Howell Cobb said “If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong.”

Get with an elbow partner and discuss what you think about Howell’s comments (3 min) GO!

Economies

Union

• Industries that supply army boom • Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government jobs • Congress establishes first

income tax

on earnings to pay for war

Confederacy

• Food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of slaves • Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade with enemy

What have we learned so far

• 3 - key ideas you think are most important • 2 - things you need to study or learn more about • 1 - question you have

EQ

• What were the battles that turned the tide of war for the North?

• Who were the major players, and what were the major events that brought victory home for the Union?

Prelude to Gettysburg

• May 1863, South defeats North at

Chancellorsville

• Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops − dies 8 days later of pneumonia • Lee invades North to get supplies, support of Democrats

The Battle of Gettysburg (Pennsylvania)

• Three-day battle at

Gettysburg

cripples South, turning point of war • Confederates go to find shoes; meet Union cavalry • July 1, Confederates drive Union back, take town − Little Round Top − Pickett's charge

Before we watch the videos, think about…

• What it must have been like to be out of ammunition in battle and only have your bayonet!

• Think about what it must have been like for the soldiers charging knowing that chances are that you may not make it!

Grant at Vicksburg

• Confederate

Vicksburg

prevents Union from controlling Mississippi • Spring 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines, sacks Jackson • Grant’s assaults on Vicksburg fail, begins siege in May • Starving Confederates surrender on July 4 • Splits confederacy in two!

Northern Victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg are announced on the same day July 4, 1863.

Review

• What is the significance of Gettysburg?

• What is the significance of Vicksburg?

Before we watch the video, think about…

• What is the central theme to Lincoln’s famous speech?

• Do you think the fact it was so short was supposed to mean something?

The Gettysburg Address (Nov. 19, 1863)

Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Grant and Lee in Virginia

• Grant’s strategy: immobilize Lee in VA while Sherman raids Georgia • May 1864–April 1865, Grant and Lee fight many battles • Heavy losses on both sides; North can replace soldiers, South cannot

Sherman’s March to the Sea

“I am going to make Georgia howl.”

-William Tecumseh Sherman

Sherman’s March to the Sea

• Total War – Scotched earth!

• Atlanta, GA and Columbia, SC burned − Ever notice that there are not many old buildings in Atlanta • Cuts a wide path of destruction

BAD DUDE!

•

Battle of Atlanta

Sherman’s March

Lincoln re-elected in 1864

• Lincoln’s Second Inaugural speech − "but let us judge not, that we be not judged" − “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations. “ • Write a short paragraph (4 sentences) explaining what Lincoln’s main idea is

Before we watch, think about…

• What it must have been like for the slaves in Richmond to see Abraham Lincoln.

• How it must have felt for those in Richmond to see their city destroyed.

Review

• What were some of the tactics Sherman used?

• What were the results of his

Richmond Falls

http://www.history.com/videos/linc oln-the-fall-of-richmond#lincoln the-fall-of-richmond

Lincoln in Richmond

Appomattox

• Davis’s government leaves Richmond • Lee surrenders April 1865 at village of

Appomattox Court House

(town not an actual Court House) • Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms

Before we watch, think about…

• What kind of surrender terms would you have given Lee…

Confederacy Surrenders

• http://www.history.com/videos/surrender-at appomattox-courthouse#surrender-at appomattox-courthouse

Review

• Where did the Confederates Surrender?

• What were the terms?

• What was Lincoln’s attitude toward the South?

EQ

• What are the impacts of the American Civil War?

The Aftermath

North

• Industry booms • Commercial agriculture takes hold

South

• Industry destroyed • Farms destroyed • Economy in shambles

620,000 DEAD

The Thirteenth Amendment

• Section 1. “Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.” • What does this effectively mean?

The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln

• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre… only 6 days after Lee’s surrender at Appomattox • Assassin

John Wilkes Booth

escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot • 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train

“Now he belongs to the ages.”

Write a short story…

• Pretend you are a person who just heard the news that Lincoln was shot… you can be a Union soldier, confederate soldier, a freed slave, or any type of U.S. citizen…. Discuss how the assassination would have made you feel.

EQ

• What are the impacts of the American Civil War?