Transcript THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY

THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
Educational Technology
Educational
Technology includes
any media that is
used for instruction
Anything used to help
teach students can
be considered
educational
technology.
Educational Technology
Educational technology is
any technology that is
used to support teaching
and learning.
Allyn and Bacon 2005
Educational Technology
and Instruction
Technology are the tools to help create
an effective instructional event
• Instructional events = all teaching
methods and learning experiences
• Learning environment = physical and
non-physical aspects where instruction
takes place
Allyn and Bacon 2005
LEARNING
LEARNING
is a transfer of knowledge that
can be ensured only when all
components of the process
have been incorporated
(Lever-Duffy, et al., 2005)
LEARNING
• Variety of theories explain how we
learn
• Each theory offers a different
perspective or view as to how
learning occurs
• Some theories may be contradictory
• Teachers must decide on theory for
themselves
Learning Theories
Proper planning and
effective use of tools
and methods are key
to successful
teaching and
learning
Learning Theories
Learning as Communication
• Knowledge is transferred from
sender to receiver
• Receiver returns feedback to sender
• Sender receives feedback
• Variables may alter intended
meaning.
Learning as Communication
Learning as Communication
Factors
Affection
Communication
Learning as Communication
Environmental Factors
• Any factor that may cause a learner
to lose focus
• Can block communications
• Lighting, movement, temperature
may interfere with communications
Learning as Communication
Psychological Factors
• Individual differences that define
and impact communicated
information
• Emotional state may interfere with
message reception
• Learning styles may interfere with
transmission
Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning as Communication
Personal Filters
• Individual’s values, heritage, and
belief system
• May include attitudes, cultural
differences, and opinions
• Filters are present in both sender
and receiver
Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Behaviorist’s Perspective
• All behavior is a response to external
stimuli
• Students learn in response to rewards
and punishments
• Learning is a passive response to the
environment
Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Cognitivist’s Perspective
• Focus is on learning as a mental
operation
• Information enters through senses
Learning is explained by how one thinks
• Believe learning is more complex than
behaviorist responses
Allyn and Bacon 2005
Learning Theories
Constructivist’s Perspective
• Knowledge is constructed as a result of
the learning process
• Learning occurs when knowledge is
assimilated or accommodated (Piaget)
• Knowledge may be constructed best in a
social context
Allyn and Bacon 2005
VIEW OF THE LEARNER
• Characteristics that might have an
impact on learning
– Cognitive style
– Learning style
– Intelligence
Learning Theories
Cognitive Styles
• Manner in which one thinks and interprets
the environment
• Myers-Briggs helps determine cognitive
preferences
• Understanding cognitive styles helps
teachers create supportive environments
Learning Theories
Myers-Briggs
Cognitive Types
Learning Theories
Learning Styles
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Conditions under which one learns best
Relates to individual sensory dominance
Auditory learners learn best by listening
Visual learners learn best by seeing
Kinesthetic/Tactile learners learn best by
doing and touching
The Learner
Intelligence
• Inherent capabilities to learn and
understand
• Standford-Binet tests emphasize
logical/mathematical and verbal
capabilities
• Howard Gardner’s Theory of
Multiple Intelligences emphasizes
multiple capabilities
The Learner
Multiple Intelligences
• Verbal-Linguistic
• MathematicalLogical
• Visual-Spatial
• Bodily-Kinesthetic
Allyn and Bacon 2005
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Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
Existential
Musical
The Learner
Multiple
Intelligences
Multiple Inteligences
• Linguistics – verbal skills/talents related
to sound, meaning & ryhthms
• Logical-mathematical – conceptual &
logical thinking
• Musical – talents/abilities related to
sound, rhythm & pitch
• Spatial – skill in thinking in pictures &
visioning abstract
Multiple Inteligences
• Bodily-kinesthetic – skill in controlling body
movements
• Interpersonal – responsive to others
• Intrapersonal – high-degree of self awareness
& insight
• Naturalistic – skills in recognizing,
categorizing & interacting with natural world
• Existential – ability to consider & deal with
questions of human existence
Let’s try a
Learning Style
Inventory…
For Learning Inventory
Assessment
Teaching and Learning
• Teaching = a systematic,
planned sequence of events
– A process that communicates
ideas/skills
– Takes into account individual and
environmental factors
– Aware of learning theories &
learner characteristics
Teaching and Learning
• Teachers should be aware
of:
– strengths and weaknesses of own
teaching style
– learning theories
– learning style of students
Teaching and Learning
• Teaching and learning work
together
• Holistic planning is the key to
effective learning
TECHNOLOGY
Teaching and Learning
• Technology: a component of the
teaching/learning process
– Educational technology includes
resources that facilitate
teaching/learning
– This view of technology has evolved
– It’s consistent with evolution of
learning theories
TECHNOLOGY
“The systematic application of
scientific or other organized
knowledge to practical
tasks.”
Potential Impacts of Technology
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Enhance our capabilities – more effective
Increase our speed – more efficient
Impact levels of motivation/attitude/vision
Thornburg (1999), “…we have the opportunity
to use technologies in ways that support
modern pedagogical thought devoted to the
premise that all students are capable of
learning, even if the pathways for each
learner are different.” (cited in O’Neil &
Perez, pg. xiv)
Educational Technology
A Historical Overview
• Began in the early 1900s with
movies
• Slides, radio, sound recordings
were added in the 1920s-1930s
• Television drove audio-visuals in
the 1950s
Educational Technology
A Historical Overview
• 1960s: A-V expanded to a broader
systems view
• 1970s: educational technology
redefined and expanded further to
include all technologies
• 1980s: educational technology
entered the Digital Age
Allyn and Bacon 2005
Educational Technology
Today
• Holistic view
– All media and systems that support
teaching/learning
• Teachers must decide how to best
utilize technology
Allyn and Bacon 2005
Holistic View of Teaching,
Learning, and Technology
Educational Technology
Change in educational philosophy of
what constitutes basic skills
• No longer just three R’s
• “Learning to learn” skills essential
• Lifelong learning
TEA