Transcript Building Codes - Casper College

Building Codes
CONCEPTS OF BUILDING CODES

Codes provide for:




Fire Protection for:



Fire Protection
Structural Integrity
Health Safety
Life
Property
Performance vs. Prescriptive Codes
CODE STRATEGY FOR LIFE SAFETY
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Prevention of ignition
Detection of fire
Control of fire development
Confinement of the effects of fire
Extinguishment of fire
Provision of refuge and/or evacuation
facilities
Staff reaction
Provision of fire safety information to
occupants
PROPERTY PROTECTION

Though important – Life safety is more
important

Whose concern is property protection?
CODES ARE A DESIGNERS FRIEND

They provide a
point of departure
for decision making

Minimum
requirements to
consider a building
properly designed
CODES SHOULD BE USED AS
TOOLS FOR DECISION MAKING

Codes are gray

Codes have errors in them

Rules of thumb don’t work in every situation

Buildings are more complex than codes

Architects, contractors, engineers, and
interior designers are professionals
INHERENT FRUSTRATIONS WITH
CODES AND REGULATIONS
 Codes
are thick and cumbersome
because we desire flexibility
A
uniform opinion on how to
interpret codes is possible
IBC CODE PROMULGATION
CODE PROMULGATION

Code Change
Proposals


Proposed Changes


Submitted by published
deadline
Published 30 days
before public hearing
Public Hearing


Discussion on floor
Voting by Code
Development
Committee
OCCUPANCY
CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTS
OCCUPANCY
CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTS

Fire loading concepts

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
Amount of combustible materials
Amount of explosive or toxic materials
Human behavior concepts



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Number of square feet per occupant (potential
for panic)
Familiarity with the building or structure
Alertness of occupants
Mobility of occupants
FIRE LOADING CONCEPTS

Amount of combustible materials




Pounds per square foot of fire loading
Look for relative differences amongst occupancies
All buildings have combustible materials within
them
Amount of explosive or toxic materials



Look for relative differences amongst occupancies
Most buildings have toxic materials within them
Many buildings have explosive materials within
them
HUMAN BEHAVIOR CONCEPTS

Number of square feet per occupant
(potential for panic)



Crowd behavior is the concern
Perception of adequate safety may diminish in
a congested environment
Familiarity with the building or structure


Are most of the occupants intimately familiar
with the environment?
Visitors tend to go out the way they came in
HUMAN BEHAVIOR CONCEPTS
 Alertness


Do any of the occupants sleep in the facility?
More a concern with a deep sleep than a “cat-nap”
 Mobility


of occupants
of occupants
Do any of the occupants need assistance in
egressing the building or in egressing to a safer
area of the building?
Does this category include individuals with
disabilities that may require some egress
assistance
OCCUPANCY
CLASSIFICATION
TYPICAL GROUP CLASSIFICATIONS
Assembly (A-1, A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5)
 Business (B)
 Educational (E)
 Factory and Industrial (F-1, F-2)
 High Hazard (H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5)
 Industrial (I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4)
 Mercantile (M)
 Residential (R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4)
 Storage (S-1, S-2)
 Utility (U)

TYPICAL OCCUPANCY
CLASSIFICATION LANGUAGE
 “Assembly
Group A occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a
building or structure, or portion
thereof, for…”
ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCIES

Assembly Group A occupancy is for the
gathering together of persons for
purposes such as civic, social or religious
functions, recreation, food or drink
consumption or awaiting transportation.
Any with an occupant load of less than 50
is accessory to another occupancy.
ASSEMBLY
OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

(A-1) usually with fixed seating; for production
and viewing of performing arts or motion pictures

(A-2) for food and/or drink consumption

(A-3) for worship, recreation or amusement and
other uses not covered by other A
subclassifications

(A-4) for viewing indoor sporting events with
spectator seating

(A-5) for participation in or viewing outdoor
activities
ASSEMBLY OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

Amount of combustible materials

Amount of toxic or explosive materials

Number of square feet per occupant

Lack of familiarity with the building
BUSINESS OCCUPANCIES
 Business
Group B occupancy is for
office, professional or service-type
transaction, including storage of
records and accounts
BUSINESS OCCUPANCY CONCERNS
 Group
B concerns are minimal
EDUCATIONAL OCCUPANCIES

For educational purposes through the 12th
grade by six or more persons at any one
time

“The use of a building or structure, or
portion thereof, for educational,
supervision or personal care services for
more than five children older than 2 ½
years of age, shall be classified as a Group
E occupancy.”
EDUCATIONAL
OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

Amount of combustible materials

Amount of toxic or explosive materials

Number of square feet per occupant

Lack of familiarity with the building

Many occupants require some assistance
in self preservation
FACTORY
INDUSTRIAL OCCUPANCIES

“Factory Industrial Group F occupancy
includes, among others, the use of a
building or structure, or portion thereof,
for assembling, disassembling, fabricating,
finishing, manufacturing, packaging,
repair or processing operations that are
not classified as a Group H hazardous
occupancy.”
FACTORY INDUSTRIAL
OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

(F-1) Moderate-Hazard

(F-2) Low-Hazard
FACTORY INDUSTRIAL
OCCUPANCY CONCERNS
 Amount
 Amount
of combustible materials
of toxic or explosive
materials
HIGH-HAZARD OCCUPANCIES

“Hazardous Group H occupancy includes,
amount others, the use of a building or
structure, or portion thereof, that involves
the manufacturing, processing, generation
or storage of materials that constitute a
physical or health hazard in quantities in
excess of those found in Tables 307.7(1)
and 307.7(2). See also definition of
‘Control Area’.”
HIGH-HAZARD
OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATION

High-Hazard (H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, H-5)
HIGH-HAZARD
OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

Amount of combustible materials

Amount of toxic or explosive materials
INSTITUTIONAL OCCUPANCIES

“Institutional Group 1 occupancy includes,
among others, the use of a building or
structure, or portion thereof, in which
people having physical limitation because
of health or age are harbored for medical
treatment or other care or treatment, or in
which people are detained for penal or
correctional purposes or in which the
liberty of the occupants is restricted.”
INSTITUTIONAL
OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

(I-1) 17 or more persons for 24 hours or more in
a supervised residential environment

(I-2) 6 or more persons for 24 hours or more
receiving medical, surgical, psychiatric, nursing
or custodial care
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(I-3) 6 or more persons under restrain or security

(I-4) 6 or more persons receiving custodial care
for less than 24 hours away from their home
INSTITUTIONAL
OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

Lack of familiarity with the building

Occupants sleep there

Many occupants require some assistance
in self preservation
MERCANTILE OCCUPANCIES

“Mercantile Group M occupancy includes,
among others, the use of a building or
structure, or portion thereof, for the
display and sale of merchandise, and
involves stocks of goods, wares or
merchandise incidental to such purposes
and accessible to the public.”
MERCANTILE
OCCUPANCY CONCERNS

Amount of combustible materials

Amount of toxic or explosive materials

Number of square feet per occupant

Lack of familiarity with the building
RESIDENTIAL OCCUPANCIES

“Residential Group R occupancy includes,
among others, the use of a building or
structure, or portion thereof, for sleeping
accommodations when not classed as an
Institutional when not classed as an
Institutional Group 1.”
RESIDENTIAL
OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

(R-1) Multi-family where the occupants
are primarily transient in nature (stay less
than 30 days)
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(R-2) Multi-family of 3 or more units
where the occupants are primarily
permanent in nature (stay 30 days or
more)
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(R-3) One and two family dwellings
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(R-4) Residential Care/Assisted Living
Facilities for 6 to 16 persons
RESIDENTIAL
OCCUPANCY CONCERNS
 Lack
of familiarity with the building
 Occupants
sleep there
STORAGE OCCUPANCIES

“Storage Group S occupancy includes,
among others, the use of building or
structure, or portion thereof, for storage
that is not classed as a hazardous
occupancy.”
STORAGE
OCCUPANCY SUBCLASSIFICATIONS

(S-1) Storage of products other than those in
Group S-2

(S-2) “Includes, among others, buildings used for
the storage of noncombustible materials such as
products on wood pallets or in paper cartons with
or without single thickness divisions; or in paper
wrappings. Such products may have a negligible
amount of plastic trim such as knobs, handles or
film wrapping.”
STORAGE OCCUPANCY
 Amount
 Amount
of combustible materials
of toxic or explosive
materials
UTILITY AND
MISCELLANEOUS GROUP U

“Buildings and structures of an accessory
character and miscellaneous structures
not classified in any specific occupancy
shall be constructed, equipped and
maintained to the requirements of this
code commensurate with the fire and life
hazard incidental to their occupancy.”
CHANGING OCCUPANCIES
 Fire
Requirements
 Structural
Requirements
HEIGHTS AND AREAS
HEIGHTS AND AREAS
OCCUPANCY
CLASSIFICATION
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
DETERMINING BUILDING HEIGHTS
 Critical
Height Definitions
Grade Plane
 Building Height
 Story Height

DETERMINING BUILDING AREAS
 Critical
Area Definitions
Net Floor Area
 Gross Floor Area
 Building Area

ALLOWABLE BUILDING
HEIGHTS AND AREAS

General allowable heights are determined
from Table 503

Increase to allowable heights or areas for
automatic sprinkler protection

Increase to allowable area for frontage

Maximum area allowed
GENERAL ALLOWABLE
HEIGHTS AND AREAS
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER
PROTECTION INCREASE

200 percent increase of Table 503 areas
for multi-story building
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
IS = 200
300 percent increase of Table 503 areas
for single-story buildings

IS = 300
GENERAL ALLOWABLE
HEIGHTS AND AREAS
Single-story
Single-story
Five-story
Five-story
Unsprinklered
Sprinklered
Building
area
36,000
144,000
108,000 x 3
324,000
324,000
Per floor
area
36,000
144,000
21,600
64,800
54,000
Unsprinklered Sprinklered
Six-story
Sprinklered
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If = 100 [F/P – 0.25] W/30
If = Frontage increase (percent)
F = Building perimeter fronting public way or 20’
(6096 mm) open space
P = Total building perimeter
W = Minimum width of public way or open space
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


W must be 20’ (6096 mm) minimum
W/30 not to exceed 1.0
W/30 not to exceed 2.0 for unlimited area buildings as per
IBC Sections 503.1.2, 507 & 508
Open space on same lot or dedicated to public use, and
accessed by street or approved fire lane
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If = 100 [F/P – 0.25] W/30
I = 100 [ 300 / 400 - .25 ] 20/30
I = 100 [ 0.75 – 0.25 ] 0.67
I = 100 [ 0.5 ] 0.67
I = 33.33
Occupancy
Construction type
Table 503 unsprinklered area
B
F/P = 0.75
IV
F/P – 0.25 = 0.5
36,000
Allowable sprinklered area
144,000 Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area
108,000 Multi-story
Open Perimeter
AREAS AFTER FRONTAGE INCEASE
Closed Perimeter
100
0
100
0
100
0
Allowable unsprinklered area = 48,000
0
100
Allowable sprinklered area = 156,000 Single-story
0
0
Allowable unsprinklered area = 120,000 Multi-story
0
0
300
100
Total Perimeter(P)
400
TOTAL INCREASE
Aa = At + [ AtIf / 100 ] + [ AtIs / 100 ]
Aa= Allowable per floor area
At = Allowable area from IBC Table 503
If = Frontage increase
Is
= Sprinkler increase

Single basement may be area of single-story
building maximum without affecting area of
above grade plane floors
MAXIMUM AREA ALLOWED
Am = AaHs
Am
Aa
Hs

= Maximum allowable per building area
= Allowable per floor area
= Height in stories
Hs cannot exceed 3 except for unlimited
area buildings in IBC Section 507
MODIFICATIONS TO
AREAS OF BUILDINGS

Unlimited area and other increases
HEIGHT MODIFICATIONS DUE TO
AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER PROETECTION

All buildings protected in accordance with IBC Section
903.1.1

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
1 additional story
An additional 20 feet (6096 mm)
Group R occupancies protected in accordance with IBC
Section 903.1.2


1 additional story, but no more than 4 stories total
An additional 20 feet (6096 mm), but no more than 60 feet
(18,288 mm)

Height increases in addition to the area increase for
sprinkler protection

No increase for I-2 of Type IIB, III, IV, or V construction

No increase for H-1, H-2, H-3, H-5
ROOF STRUCTURES

Exempt structures

Penthouses limited to 1/3 area and certain
construction type requirements

20 foot (6096 mm) for combustible
structures
PARKING UNDER GROUP R

Measure allowable stories above grade
entrance Group S-2 parking when:




Parking is one story above grade plane
maximum
Parking is open or enclosed of Type I
construction, or open of Type IV construction
Separation between Group S and Group R in
accordance with IBC Section 302.3.3
Story height exception only
MEZZANIES

Communication of spaces

Limited area and occupancy

Egress considerations

Story height only
BASEMENTS

Below LED (Level of Exit Discharge)

Vertical egress distance

Fire department vehicular access

Story height only (when totally
underground within 12’ of lowest point
below grade – 2 exits)
OTHER MODIFICATIONS
TO HEIGHTS OF BUILDINGS

Special provisions
TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION
SELECTING TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
NC
I
NC
II
NC
III
NC/C
IV
C(H)
V
C
BOCA
1
NC
2
NC
2
NC
3
NC/C
4
C(H)
5
C
SBC
I
NC
II
NC
IV
NC
V
NC/C
III
C(H)
VI
C
I
NC
II
NC
III
NC/C
IV
C(H)
V
C
I
NC
II
NC
IV
NC
V
NC/C
III
C(H)
VI
C
I
II
II
III
IV
V
IBC
UBC
FBC
NFPA
SELECTING TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
Materials (ASTM E-136)
IA
IB
IIA
IIB
NC
NC
NC
NC
IIIA
IIIB
NC/C NC/C
IV
VA
VB
C(H)
C
C
SELECTING TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
 Assemblies

(ASTM E-119)
IBC Table 601 fire-resistance rating
requirements for building elements
(hours)
SELECTING TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
 Mixing
types of construction
Horizontal
 Vertical

EXTERIOR WALL PROTECTION
 Exterior
wall ratings
Fire-resistance rating
 5 foot (1524 mm) exposure rating

EXTERIOR WALL PROTECTION
 Protection
of exterior wall openings
Percentage of allowable openings
 Openings protectives

EXTERIOR WALL PROTECTION
 Buildings
on same lot
FIRE WALL PROTECTION
 Rating
 Opening
Protectives
FIRE WALL SEPARATION
 Total
separation
FIRE WALL
STRUCTURAL INDEPENDANCE
 Wall
must remain in place if either
building on either side is destroyed
MULTIPLE
OCCUPANCY BUILDINGS
MULTIPLE OCCUPANCY BUILDINGS
 Multiple
Buildings with Fire Walls
 Single
Occupancy Classification
 Mixed
Occupancies
MIXED OCCUPANCIES
Ap1/Aa1+Ap2/Aa2≤1
Ap1
Aa1
Ap2
Aa2
=
=
=
=
Occupancy
Occupancy
Occupancy
Occupancy
one
one
two
two
planned area
allowable area
planned area
allowable area
Occupancies of less than 10% in area
 Other incidental uses

MEANS OF EGRESS
DEFINITIONS
MEANS OF EGRESS

“A continuous and unobstructed path of
vertical and horizontal egress travel from
any point in a building or structure to a
public way. A means of egress consists of
three separate and distinct parts: the exit
access, the exit and the exit discharge.”
EXIT ACCESS

“That portion of a means of egress system
that leads from any occupied point in a
building or structure to an exit.”
EXIT

“That portion of a means of egress system which
is separated from other interior spaces of a
building or structure by fire-resistance-rated
construction and opening protectives as required
to provide a protected path of egress travel
between the exit access and the exit discharge.
Exits include exterior exit doors at ground level,
exit enclosures, exit passageways, exterior exit
stairs, exterior ramps and horizontal exits.”
EXIT DISCHARGE

“That portion of a means of egress system
between the termination of an exit and a
public way.”
LEVEL OF EXIT DISCHARGE

“The horizontal plane located at the point
at which an exit terminates and an exit
discharge begins.”
PUBLIC WAY

“A street, alley or other parcel of land
open to the outside air leading to a street,
that has been deeded, dedicated or
otherwise permanently appropriated to
the public for public use and which has a
clear width and height of not less than 10
feet (3048 mm).”
ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF EGRESS

“A continuous and unobstructed way of
egress travel from any point in a building
or facility that provides an accessible
route to an area of refuge, a horizontal
exit or a public way.”
MINIMUM
OCCUPANT LOAD
MINIMUM OCCUPANT DESIGN LOAD
 Compare
actual load with number
from tables
 Occupants
of spaces that egress
through other spaces
MAXIMUM FLOOR AREA
ALLOWANCES PER OCCUPANT
Assembly without fixed seats
Concentrated (chairs only – not fixed)
7 net
Standing space
5 net
Unconcentrated (tables and chairs)
15 net
Business areas
100 gross
Educational
Classroom area
20 net
Shops and other vocational room areas
50 net
FIXED SEATING EGRESS CAPACITY
 Areas
with fixed seats
 Fixed
seats without dividing arms
18” general
 24” booths

NUMBER OF
EXITS OR EXIT ACCESS
NUMBER OF EXITS OR EXIT ACCESS
 Two
required in most cases
 More
than two may be required
SINGLE MEANS OF EGRESS
 Based
on occupant load
 Based
on travel distance
Room size
 Common path of travel

MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXITS

Every floor area provided with exits based
on occupant load

Required number of exits maintained to
grade or public way

Occupied roofs treated as floors for
determining minimum number of exits
MINIMUM NUMBER OF
EXITS FOR OCCUPANT LOAD
Occupant Load
1 -500
Minimum Number of Exits
2
501 – 1,000
3
More than 1,000
4
EXITS FROM
OPEN PARKING STRUCTURES

2 exits minimum from each parking
structure

1 exit where vehicles are mechanically
parked

Ramps with pedestrian facilities can be
considered as exits
SINGLE EXIT PERMITTED

Buildings in Table 1005.2.2 Buildings with
one exit, if no more than one level below
the first story

R-3 buildings

Single level buildings – occupied space at
the level of exit discharge if story or space
complies with 1004.2.1 Exit or exit access
doorways required, as a space with one
means of egress
BUILDINGS WITH ONE EXIT
Occupancy
Maximum
Occupants (or
Maximum Height of Dwelling Units) per
Building Above
Floor and Travel
Grade Plane
Distance
A,B,E,F,M,U
1 Story
50 occupants and
75’ travel distance
B,F,M,S
2 Stories
30 occupants and
75’ travel distance
R-2
2 Stories
4 dwelling units
and 50’ travel
distance
EXIT CONTINUITY

“Exits shall be continuous from the point
of entry into the exit to the exit
discharge.”
ADA ENTRACNES AND EXITS
ADA ENTRANCES

“(8) In new construction, at a minimum, the requirements
in (a) and (b) below shall be satisfied independently:

(a)(i) At least 50% of all public entrances (excluding
those in (b) below) must be accessible. At least one
must be a ground floor entrance. Public entrances are
any entrances that are not loading or service entrance.

(ii) Accessible entrances must be provided in a number
at least equivalent to the number of exits required by
the applicable building/fire codes. (This paragraph does
not require an increase in the total number of entrances
planned for a facility.)

(iii) An accessible entrances must be provided to each
tenancy in a facility (for example, individual stores in a
strip shopping center).

(a). Where feasible, accessible entrances shall be the
entrances used by the majority of people visiting or
working in the building.”
ADA ENTRANCES

“(b)(i) In addition, if direct access is provided for pedestrians from
and enclosed parking garage to the building, at least one direct
entrance from the garage to the building must be accessible.

(ii) If access is provided for pedestrians from a pedestrian tunnel
or elevated walkway, one entrance to the building from each
tunnel or walkway must be accessible. One entrance may be
considered as meeting more than one of the requirements in (b).
Because entrances also serve as emergency exits whose proximity
to all parts of buildings and facilities is essential, it is preferable
that all entrances be accessible

(c) If the only entrances to a building, or tenancy in a facility, is a
service entrance, that entrance shall be accessible.

(d) Entrances which are not accessible shall have directional
signage complying with 4.30.1, 4.30.2, 4.30.3, and 4.30.5, which
indicates the location of the nearest accessible entrance.”
ADA EXITS

“(9)* In buildings or facilities, or portions of buildings or
facilities, required to be accessible, accessible means of
egress shall be provided in the same number as required
for exits by local building/life safety regulations. Where
a required exit from an occupiable level above or below
a level of accessible exit discharge is not accessible, an
area of rescue assistance shall be provided on each such
level (in a number equal to that of inaccessible required
exits). Areas of rescue assistance shall comply with
4.3.11. A horizontal exit meeting the requirements of
local building/life safety regulations, shall satisfy the
requirement for an area of rescue assistance.

EXCEPTION: Areas of rescue assistance are not required
in a buildings or facilities having a supervised automatic
sprinkler system.”
EGRESS CAPACITY
MAIN ENTRANCE AT GROUP A

50% minimum through main entrance
where occupant load greater than 300

50% minimum egress through peripheral
exits where occupant load greater than
300
EGRESS WIDTH
 Width
per person
MINIMUM WIDTH

Doors – 32” with exceptions

Corridors – 44” with exceptions

Stairways – 44” with exceptions
WIDTH PER OCCUPANT
(OCCUPANCIES OTHER THAN H-1, H-2, H-3, H-4, AND I-2
UNSPRINKLERED
SPRINKLERED
Doors
Corridors
Stairways
Doors
Corridors
Stairways
0.2” 0.2”*
0.2” 0.2”*
0.3” 0.3”*
0.15” 0.2”*
0.15” 0.2”*
0.2” 0.3”*
*Denotes comparable traditional egress capacities
MULTIPLE MEANS OF EGRESS
 If
any means of egress lost – 50%
capacity maintained
WIDTH IN THE
DIRECTION OF EGRESS TRAVEL
 Maintain
egress capacity to
termination of egress
 Exception
for assembly
DOOR ENCROACHMENT
 Reduction
maximum
 Project
open
 R-2
of required width – ½
no more than 7” when fully
and R-3 dwelling units exempt
CONTINUITY
 No
interruption of egress path
 No
obstructions
 Capacity
maintained
MULTI-LEVEL EGRESS CAPACITY
 Exits
serving more than one level
MULIT-LEVEL EGRESS CAPACITY
 Converging
exits
MULTI-LEVEL EGRESS CAPACITY
 Egress
from mezzanines
OUTDOOR AREA EGRESS CAPACITY

Means of egress required

Occupant load determined by building
official

Outdoor areas that egress through
buildings

Exceptions


Exception for service areas
Exception R-2 and R-3
MAXIMUM OCCUPANT CONTENT
 Increase
in minimum occupant load
permitted
5
square feet per occupant maximum
 Seating
diagram may be required
POSTING

Maximum occupant content must be
posted in assembly spaces (legible,
conspicuous, and near main entrance)

Posting of seating diagram may be
required
ARRANGEMENT OF EXITS
EGRESS IN MULTIPLE OCCUPANCIES

Provisions relate to actual occupancy

Use most stringent when different
occupancies share egress portions
ARRANGEMENT OF EXIT AND EXIT
ACCESS DOORWAYS – 2 DOORWAYS
½
diagonal of building or area to be
served
 Related
corridors
 Automatic
sprinkler protection
ARRANGEMENT OF EXIT AND EXIT
ACCESS DOORWAYS – 3 DOORWAYS
½
diagonal of building or area to be
served
 Minimize
possibility of blockage
INTERVENING ROOMS OR AREAS
 Egress
not allowed through adjoining
rooms or areas unless they are:
Accessory areas
 Not high-hazard occupancy unless of
same occupancy group
 Provide discernable path of travel to exit

INTERVENING ROOM EXCEPTIONS

Intervening rooms do not include foyers,
lobbies or reception rooms constructed as
required for corridors

In B buildings with automatic sprinkler
protection, corridor can lead through
enclosed elevator lobbies if all areas of
building have at least one required exit
that does not lead through the elevator
lobby
PROHIBITED EGRESS SPACE
 Egress
not allowed through:
Closets
 Kitchens (unless serving adjoining
rooms which constitute same dwelling
unit or guestroom)
 Storerooms
 Or other similar rooms

DWELLING UNITS
AND SLEEPING AREAS
 Egress
not allowed through:
Other sleeping areas
 Toilet rooms
 Bathrooms

MULTIPLE TENANTS
 Egress
not allowed through adjacent
tenants, dwelling units and
guestrooms
TRAVEL DISTANCE

Distance to an exit from the most remote
point

Unenclosed stairs and ramps

Open stairs in parking garages
EXIT ACCESS TRAVEL DISTANCE
Occupancy
Without Sprinkler System
Sprinkler System
A,E,F-1,I-1,M,R,S-1
200’
250’
B
200’
300’
TRAVEL DISTANCE INCREASE
 Roof
400’
vent increase in F-1 or S-1,
 Egress
balcony increase, 100’
COMMON PATH OF TRAVEL
 25’
for H-1, H-2, and H-3
occupancies
 75’
for all other occupancies
COMMON PATH
OF TRAVEL INCREASES
 100’
for B, F and S provided with
approved automatic sprinkler
protection
 11’
for tenant spaces in B, S and U
with occupant load of 30 or less
 100’
for I-3
DEAD ENDS

No dead ends in corridors in excess of 20’
(6096 mm) where more than one exit or
exit access required



50’ (15,240 mm) exception for I-3 of
Occupancy Conditions 2, 3, or 4
50’ (15,240 mm) exception for B and F with
automatic sprinkler protection
No limit where length is less than 2 ½ times
the width
EXIT COMPONENTS
EXIT COMPONENTS
 Exterior
exit doors at ground level
 Exit
enclosures
 Exit
passageways
 Exterior
exit stairs
 Exterior
exit ramps
 Horizontal
exits
VERTICAL EXIT ENCLOSURES

Interior exit stairways must be separated

Vertical exit enclosures to comply with
706 Fire Barriers

Exterior walls to comply with 704 Exterior
Walls
VERTICAL EXIT ENCLOSURES

If nonrated exterior walls adjacent to and
at an angle of 180 degrees or less from
other walls, then other walls protected
within 10 feet (3045 mm) with:



1-hour fire-resistance rating
¾ hour opening protectives
Rating and protection from ground to 10 feet
(3045 mm) above topmost landing or to the
roof line, whichever is lower
VERTICAL EXIT
ENCLOSURE EXCEPTIONS

Except in H and I, stairways serving less
than 10 occupants and 1 story maximum
above the level of exit discharge

In A-5 where all portions of egress open to
the outside

Stairways serving and within dwelling unit
in R-2 or R-3

Stairways serving and within guestrooms
and individual suites in R-1
VERTICAL EXIT
ENCLOSURE EXCEPTIONS

Stairways not part of required egress and
in accordance with IBC 707.2 Shaft
Enclosure Required

Stairways in open parking structures
serving only the open parking
VERTICAL EXIT
ENCLOSURES EXCEPTIONS

In I-3 as provided for in IBC 408.3.6 Vertical Exit
Enclosures

Means of egress stairs required by IBC 410 5.4
Stage exits

Except in H and I, maximum of 50% of egress
stairs serving and adjacent floor if:


Two means of egress available for both floors connected
by unenclosed stairs
“Any two such interconnected floors shall not be open to
other floors”
EXIT PASSAGEWAYS
 Construction
 Openings
 Ratings
EXIT DISCHARGE
 General
rules
 Exit
courts
 Exit
lobbies
 Exit
vestibules
EXIT COURTS
 Courts
less than 10 feet (3048 mm)
in width
 Minimal
protection
EXIT LOBBIES
 50%
 Exit
of load
way obvious
 Basement
protection
 Automatic
sprinkler protection
EXIT VESTIBULES
 Basement
 Depth
10 feet (3048 mm) maximum
 Length
¾
protection
30 feet (6096 mm) maximum
hour separation
HORIZONTAL EXITS
 Construction
 Openings
 Ratings
 Areas
of refuge
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If = 100 [ F/P – 0.25 ] W/30
If = Frontage increase (percent)
F = Building perimeter fronting public way or 20’ (6096 mm)
open space
P = Total building perimeter
W= Minimum width of public way or open space




W must be 20’ (6096 mm) minimum
W/30 not to exceed 1.0
W/30 not to exceed 2.0 for unlimited area buildings as per
IBC Sections 503.1.2, 507 & 508
Open space on same lot or dedicated to public use, and
accessed by street or approved fire lane
PROBLEM 1
Grade School
IBC Type II A
Unsprinklered
2 Stories
15’ from property lines
60’ or more from street
PROBLEM 2
Office Building
IBC Type III A
Unsprinklered
5 Stories
10’ from property lines
60’ or more from street
PROBLEM 3
Office Building
IBC Type III A
Sprinklered
5 Stories
10’ from property lines
60’ or more from street
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If = 100 [ F/P – 0.25 ] W/30
I=
100 [ 372/904 – 0.25 ] 30/30
I=
100 [ 0.41 – 0.25 ] 1.00
I=
100 [ 0.16 ] 1.00
I=
16.15
Occupancy
Construction type
Table 503 unsprinklered area
Actual height in stories: 2
E
F/P = 0.41
II A
F/P – 0.25 = 0.16
26,500
Allowable sprinklered area
106,000
Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area
79,500
Multi-story
Open Perimeter
372
Total Perimeter (P): 904
Closed Perimeter
372
0
80
0
80
0
0
0
0
0
0
372
Actual area: 29,760
532
AREAS AFTER FRONTAGE INCREASE
Allowable unsprinklered area = 30,780
Allowable sprinklered area = 110,280 Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area = 83,780
Multi-story
TOTAL INCREASE
Aa = At + [ AtIf/100 ] + [ AtIs/100 ]
Aa = Allowable per floor area
At = Allowable area from IBC Table 503
If = Frontage increase
Is = Sprinkler increase
•Single basement may be area of single-story building maximum without
affecting area of above grade plane floors
Aa = 26,500 + [ 26,500 X 16.15 ] + [ 26,500 X 0 ]
100
100
Aa = 26,500 + [ 4,280 ] + [ 0 ]
Aa = 30,780
MAXIMUM AREA ALLOWED
Am = AaHs
Am = Maximum allowable building area
Aa = Allowable per floor area
Hs = Height in stories

Hs cannot exceed 3 except for unlimited area buildings in
IBC Section 507
Hs = 2
Aa = 30,780
Am = 61,560
Actual total area of building = 59,520
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If = 100 [ F/P – 0.25 ] W/30
Actual area: 35,200
Actual height in stories: 5
I
= 100 [ 380/760 – 0.25 ]
30/30
I
= 100 [ 0.5 – 0.25] 1.00
I
= 100 [ 0.25 ] 1.00
I
= 25.00
Occupancy
Construction type
Table 503 unsprinklered
area
Total Perimeter (P): 760
B
F/P = 0.5
III A
F/P – 0.25 = 0.25
28,500
Allowable sprinklered area
114,000
Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area
85,500
Multi-story
Open Perimeter
AREAS AFTER FRONTAGE INCREASE
Allowable unsprinklered area = 35,625
Allowable sprinklered area = 121,125 Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area = 92,625 Multi-story
Closed Perimeter
160
160
220
220
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
380
380
TOTAL INCREASE
Aa = At + [ AtIf/100 ] + [ AtIs/100 ]
Aa
At
If
Is
= Allowable per floor area
= Allowable area from IBC Table 503
= Frontage increase
= Sprinkler increase

Single basement may be area of single-story building
maximum without affecting area above grade plane floors
Aa
=
28,500
+[ 28,500
X
25.00
]+[
100
Aa
=
28,500
Aa
=
35,635
+[
7,125
]+[
28,500
X
100
0
]
0 ]
MAXIMUM AREA ALLOWED
Am = AaHs
Am = Maximum allowable building area
Aa = Allowable per floor area
Hs = Height in stories

Hs cannot exceed 3 except for unlimited area
buildings in IBC Section 507
Hs = 3
Aa = 35,625
Am = 106,875
Actual total area of building = 176,000
FRONTAGE INCREASE
If = 100 [ F/P – 0.25 ] W/30
Actual area: 46,200
Actual height in stories: 5
Total Perimeter (P): 1060
I
=
100 [ 530/1060 – 0.25 ] 30/30
I
=
100 [ 0.5 – 0.25] 1.00
I
=
100 [ 0.25 ] 1.00
I
=
25.00
Occupancy
Construction type
Table 503 unsprinklered area
B
III A
28,500
Allowable sprinklered area
114,000
Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area
85,500
Multi-story
Open Perimeter
AREAS AFTER FRONTAGE INCREASE
Allowable unsprinklered area = 35,625
Allowable sprinklered area = 121,125 Single-story
Allowable sprinklered area = 92,625 Multi-story
Closed Perimeter
110
110
420
420
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
530
530
TOTAL INCREASE
Aa = At + [ AtIf/100 ] + [ AtIs/100 ]
Aa
At
If
Is
= Allowable per floor area
= Allowable area from IBC Table 503
= Frontage increase
= Sprinkler increase

Single basement may be area of single-story building
maximum without affecting area of above grade plane
floors
Aa
= 28,500
+[
28,500
X
25.00
100
Aa
= 28,500
Aa
= 92,625
+[
7,125
]+[
]+[
28,500
X
100
57,000
200
]
MAXIMUM AREA ALLOWED
Am = AaHs
Am = Maximum allowable building area
Aa = Allowable per floor area
Hs = Height in stories
 Hs cannot exceed 3 except for unlimited area
buildings in IBC Section 507
Hs = 3
Aa = 92,625
Am = 277,875
Actual total area of building = 231,000
DETERMINING
OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION

Determine the
occupancy
classification of this
55,000 square foot
grocery store with
7,000 square foot
back area
TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
What is the type of construction of
the noncombustible building to the
right?
Eight story portion
Columns – 3 hours
Beams, girders, trusses – 3 hours
No bearing walls
Floor construction – 2 hours
Roof construction – 1 ½ hours
Three story portion
Columns – 3 hours
Beams, girders, trusses – 3 hours
Bearing walls – 2 hours
Floor construction – 2 hours
Roof construction – 1 hour
ALLOWABLE PERCENT
OF OPENINGS IN EXTERIOR WALLS
The four, Type 1B buildings to the right are 9’
from their respective property lines to the South.
Each of these S-1 occupancy buildings has 1000
square feet of bearing wall on the South
elevation. Determine the required fire ratings of
the walls and determine if they are in compliance
for allowable percentage of openings.
Building A
108 square feet of openings
All openings unprotected
Building B
90 square feet of unprotected openings
108 square feet of protected openings
Building C
180 square feet of protected openings
Building D
10’ x 70’ wall meeting ASTM E-119, 2-hour fire
rating with a temperature rise of no more than
250 degrees on the unexposed surfaces at two
hours
10’ x 30’ wall meeting ASTM E-119, 2-hour fire
rating with a temperature rise of 460 degrees on
the unexposed surface at two hours
200 square feet of protected opening
NONCOMPLIANT EXISTING FACILITY
This 40 year old, Type IIB shopping center was 384,000 square feet
in area, one-story in height and unsprinklered. The shopping center
is at least 60’ from all property lines. The two-story store is 48,000
square foot, unsprinklered store was demolished to make way for the
new tenant. Can this shopping center be built under the present
code? If not, what solution would you generate that may satisfy the
code official enough to allow your client to build the new store?
FIRE AREAS
A restaurant owner is planning to add three new
theme restaurants to his existing theme
restaurant. The addition will include new lobbies
and circulation space. The existing restaurant is
unsprinklered and would be impossible to sprinkle
because of existing circumstances. The new
areas can be sprinklered. Can this project meet
code without the use of fire walls?
New Restaurant A
9,000 square feet
700 occupants
New Restaurant B
4,000 square feet
250 occupants
New Restaurant C
4,000 square feet
250 occupants
Existing Restaurant D
4,000 square feet
250 occupants
New circulation and Lobby Areas
4,000 square feet
EXERCISE –
Determine Minimum Occupant Load
EXERCISE –
Determine the number of accessible entrances and exits
DESIGN AN EGRESS SCHEME
Design an egress
scheme for the 30’ by
120’, 4th floor office
suite to the right.
The building is fully
sprinklered and the
window wall cannot
be used for egress
This information has been provided by:
Codeaccess
International Building Code Workshop
CS616A
(Building Uses and Types)
CS616B
(Life Safety)