Transcript Slide 1
• Review of Last Week’s Class • Toxicity and Risks of Pesticides • Reading a Label • Safe Use, Storage and Disposal of Pesticides • Three classes • Class 1: Overview of UPRP. Pesticides defined. Assess your pesticide use in the home, garden and lawn. • Class 2: Reading a pesticide label. Proper use, storage and disposal of pesticides. • Class 3: Environmental fate of pesticides. Alternatives to pesticides for pest management. Prevention rather than reaction. • Environmental fate of pesticides. • Alternatives to pesticides for pest management. • Environmental fate of pesticides. • Alternatives to pesticides for pest management. Environmental Fate of Pesticides Adsorbed to plant surfaces, or taken up by plants Adsorbed to soil particles or organic matter Degraded by sunlight Degraded by soil organisms Hydrolyzed by water Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved. Off-Site Movement of Pesticides Low Air Moisture High Air Temperature Pesticide Properties Aerosol versus Solid Irrigation Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved. Sand versus Clay Soils Pesticide Drift Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved. Vaporization and Volatization Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved. Vapor Drift of Herbicides – Non-Target Effects Photo Credit: Joey Williamson Clemson University 2,4-D damage to green ash. Photo credit: Beth Jarvis Pesticide Leaching through Soil Pesticide residue on soil surface Leached to groundwater table Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved. Pesticide Run-Off over Soil Pesticide adsorbed to soil particles or soil organic matter When irrigation or rainfall exceed the infiltration rate, runoff occurs. Pesticides dissolved in the water or adsorbed to transported soil particles (soil erosion) move offsite and may have unintended consequences. Copyright 2006, Oregon State University, all rights reserved. Check the one that is most likely to result in the pesticide drifting, volatizing, leaching or running off from the site of application. Windy Rainy Hot Dry Irrigation On Close to Target Calm No Rain Cool Humid Irrigation Off Far from Target • Environmental fate of pesticides. • Alternatives to pesticides for pest management. •REACTIVE •PREVENTATIVE • Pesticides • • Home Remedies • Organic • Synthetic Biocontrol Release • Ladybugs • Lacewings • Plant Selection • Plant Installation • Plant Maintenance • Physical Barriers • Hand Picking • Conservation Biocontrol Cultural Least Toxic Physical Biological Chemical Most Toxic Plant Selection, Install, Maintenance Barriers, Handpicking Conservation Biological Control Biocontrol Release Organic and Synthetic Pesticides Us a least hazardous approach, that will also enact effective control Cultural Control: Resistant Plants R. davidsonianum Adult Root Weevil Damage to Leaves Root Weevils List of Rhododendrons Resistant to Root Weevils can be found at: http://www.co.thurston.wa.us/health/ehcsg/pdf/weevil%20guide.pdf Information on Managing Root Weevils in the Pacific Northwest: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1485.pdf Resistant varieties Cultural Control: Plant Selection • Dig a proper hole • Hole 2-3 X as wide as the diameter of the root ball • Top 10% above ground Physical Control: Handpicking Place insects in soapy water to kill them Handpicking • Covers many plants, • • or entire rows Protection for seedlings, or during other vulnerable times Light, thermal and air environment will be modified Biological Control: Garden Predators Assassin Bug Ground Beetle Rove Beetle Spider Minute Pirate Bug Mites Biological Control: Parasitoid Wasps Braconid emerging from moth cocoon Ichneumonid Ichneumonid Braconid pupae on tomato hornworm Image Source: AMNH Biological Control: Parasitoid Wasps Eulophid Wasp Aphelenid Wasp Ptermomalid Wasp Encyrtid Wasp Aphid Mummies Parasitized Cabbage Moth Larvae Parasitized Beetle Larvae Parasitoid Emerging from Aphid Mummy • Provide Basic Needs • Food: nectar and pollen, when prey disappears • Water: no need to provision • Shelter: undisturbed area, with structure • Reduce Disturbance • Reduce Pesticide Use on the Lawn and in the Garden • Leave an area of the garden undisturbed – no or low mowing, raking or pruning • Coreopsis, Parsnip • Mints • Buckwheat • Yarrow • Sunflowers, Asters, Coneflowers • Lobelia • Goldenrod • • • • • • • Parsley Basil Oregano Rosemary Lavender Daisies Dandelions • Broad Spectrum / Non-Selective pesticides control a wide range of pest organisms • Organophosphates (a.i. malathion) • Carbamates (a.i. carbaryl, methomyl) • Pyrethroids (a.i. cyfluthrin, fenpropathrin) • Neonicotinoids (a.i. imidacloprid) Examples of Broad Spectrum Insecticides • Organic: Derived from an organic source • Botanicals (pyrethrum NeemTM, RotenoneTM) • Microbials (Bt sprays) • Naturalytes (SpinosadTM) • Synthetic: pesticides Manufactured Synthetic Pyrethroid Organic Pyrethrin Class Mode of Range of Action Activity Notes Organophophates Cholinesterase Inhibitor Broad Potential non-target effects on mammals, beneficial insects a concern Carbamates Cholinesterase Inhibitor Broad – Chewing Insects Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects a concern, mammals Pyrethroids Impacts Ion Channels Broad Low toxicity to mammals, birds. Toxic to fish. Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects. Neonicitinoids Impacts Ion Channels Broad – Homoptera and beetles Systemic. Low toxicity to mammals. Potential non-target effects on beneficial insects, especially bees. Class Mode of Range of Action Activity Notes Botanical Insecticides pyrethrum Impacts Ion Channels Many insects, but particularly useful against caterpillars, sawfly larvae, leaf beetles, leafhoppers Low toxicity to mammals. Rapid break down in sun. Degradation limits impact on beneficial insects, but may require repeat application. Botanical Insecticides - neem Inhibits feeding, interferes with molting and egg production Effective against a Low toxicity to mammals. Low risk limited range of to beneficial insects. insects. Botanical Insecticide Rotenone NO NO NO Class Mode of Range of Action Activity Notes Microbials - Bt Stomach poison. Paralyzes insect gut. Narrow – (Bt-k) caterpillars, (Bt-t) beetles, (Bt-i) Flies Must be ingested in order to be effective. Thus, targets only those insects that are feeding on the protected plant. Microbial Derivitives Avermectims Inhibits ion channels Mites, Leaf Miners, Leaf Beetles Moderate toxicity to mammals. Toxicity to aquatic organisms potentially high. Microbial Derivitives Spinosad Overexcites nervous system Leaf Chewers, Thrips, some Gall Makers Must be ingested in order to be effective. Low toxicity to mammals and beneficial insects. Class Mode of Range of Action Activity Notes Horticultural Oils Smothering (block spiracles) Effective against Low toxicity and minimal impacts small, soft-bodied, on non-target insects. slow or immobile insects– timing of application critical Insecticidal Soaps Disrupts cuticle Small, soft-bodies insects and mites Vertebrates and non-target insects generally not impacted. Toxic against beneficial mites. May directly harm plant Information for Tables Taken From: Whitney Cranshaw. Classes of Pesticides Used in Landscape/Nursery Pest Management. In Chapter 9 of Tactics and Tools for IPM. • Foster and celebrate diversity in your yard • Plants, Insects, Birds • Choose and install plants wisely • Vigorous, healthy plants • Wide planting holes, loose backfill • Use physical controls • Handpicking, row covers • Reduce or stop pesticide use • Spot treat, narrow spectrum, organic • Please take a few moments to complete the pesticide audit that you completed in week 1 of the UPRP. • Remember, if you signed the Informed Consent Form, your answers will be included in a study that is being conducted to determine the effectiveness of the UPRP. • Please complete the audit, even if you do not sign the Informed Consent Form, so that you can have a sense of whether or not your knowledge or attitudes about pesticides have changed from the first class, to this class. • Have your answered changed from the first class, to this class? • If so, how? • For those who have signed an Informed Consent Document, you will receive a follow up survey in 6 months. • Thank you for taking part in the UPRP. Your time and effort will help foster healthier communities. Well done!