Transcript Existing Regulations cover:

Urban Disasters in India :
Vulnerabilities & Future
Implications
T.N.Gupta
Former Executive Director
Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council
World at Risk: Major Rapid-Onset Natural Disasters
Hazard Vulnerability in India
Indian Subcontinent: among the world’s most disaster prone
areas
56% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes
8% of land vulnerable to Cyclones
5% of land vulnerable to Floods
> 1 million houses damaged annually + human, social, other losses
Major Natural
Disasters :
Earthquake, J&K
Oct.8, 2005
1990 - 2006
Earthquakes
Uttarkashi
Latur (Killari)
Jabalpur
Chamoli
Kutchchh, Gujarat
J&K
1991
1993
1997
1999
2001
2005
Cyclones
East & West Godavari
dist.of Andhra Pradesh
Kutchchh, Gujarat
Orissa
1992&
1996
1998
1999
Floods
Punjab
Kerala
Punjab & Haryana
Mumbai
1993
1994
1996
2005
Tsunami
Andaman & Nicobar
Islands & coastal areas
2004
Earthquake, Gujarat
January 26, 2001
Tsunami
Dec.26, 2004
Higher losses of life and property in a given
hazard intensity in the urban areas are due to:
1
• Increasing urbanisation
• Expansion of habitat into unsuitable vulnerable
areas
Higher losses of life and property in a given
hazard intensity in the urban areas are due to:
2
• Higher population densities
Higher losses of life and property in a given
hazard intensity in the urban areas are due to:
3
• Vulnerable construction – loss of traditional building
skills
• Ignorance, apathy. Belief that it will not happen here.
• Complacency due to long time gap between two events
Higher losses of life and property in a given
hazard intensity in the urban areas are due to:
4
• Non-engineered unsafe construction
Higher losses of life and property in a given
hazard intensity in the urban areas are due to:
5
• Structurally unsound and unauthorized
vertical extensions and additions to houses
Vulnerability
Capacity to Cope
High
Exposure
to Hazard
Low
High
Low
Vulnerability
High
Vulnerability
Low
Very Low
Vulnerability
Low
Vulnerability
VULNERABILITY
Humanitarian
damages
Ecological
damages
Material
damages
Human and environmental dimensions of
disastrous events
Regimes Recommended for
Reducing Vulnerability
• Techno-Legal
• Techno-Financial
• Techno-Managerial
Techno-Legal Regime
Actions Required
• Amending the Building Byelaws of Local Bodies
to enforce Earthquake Resistant Designs &
Construction of Buildings including the
Extensions/Modifications in the existing buildings.
• Amending Master Plan & Development Area
Rules & Regulations to take into account the
Hazard Proneness in Land Use Zoning.
• Amending the Town & Country Planning Act to
include consideration of Natural Disaster
Techno-Financial Regime
• All civil constructions funded by public
funds should incorporate disaster resistant
technologies and it should be mandatory as
a part of the financial package.
• Financial institutions should make it
mandatory for the client agencies to
strictly adhere to codes and standards
relating to safety requirements against
natural hazards.
Techno-Financial Regime….Contd.
• Institutional changes should be undertaken that
would allow market forces to absorb
catastrophic losses through the use of more
optimally structured risk sharing arrangements.
Insurance sector will have to be increasingly
involved in risk reduction by evolving
innovative mechanisms for risk reduction in
their system.
• To facilitate access to finance for upgradation
and retrofitting of existing stock of housing,
buildings and infrastructure.
Techno-Managerial Regime
• Implementation of codes and standards and
modified building bye-laws, regulations,
development control rules should be
strengthened.
• Capacity building through training, education
and improved supervision of the officers and
staff in the local bodies concerned for
approving the plans and designs of buildings
will be required to be undertaken.
Common Patterns of Damage
Due to Natural Disasters
Based on
• Architectural Planning
• Structural Features
• Construction Technologies
• Building Materials
Essentiality of Professional
Interaction to achieve a Safe Seismic Design
Important Considerations:
• Identify ways architects might improve the
seismic resistance of buildings they design.
• Identify the kinds of relationships between
architects and structural engineers that might
promote improvements in seismic design.
• Consider how relationships among design
professionals, clients, builders, developers and
others can facilitate improvements in structural
safety.
Essentiality of Professional
Interaction …Contd.
Important Considerations:
• Consider roles of architects in the postearthquake evaluation of structures.
• Identify educational needs with respect to
seismic concerns and building performance in
earthquakes.
Seismic Design Checklist to Facilitate
Architect/Engineer Interaction
Goals
• Life Safety
• Damage Control
• Continued Post-Earthquake Function
Seismic Design Checklist to Facilitate
Architect/Engineer Interaction…Contd.
Site Characteristics:
• Near Fault
• Ground Failure Possibility (Landslide,
Liquefaction, Subsidence)
• Soft Soil (Long Periods, Amplification, Duration)
• Accessibility (Lifelines, Access/Egress)
• Adjacency (Up-Slope Or Down-Slope
Conditions, Collapse-Hazard Building Nearby)
Seismic Design Checklist to Facilitate
Architect/Engineer Interaction…Contd.
Building Configuration:
• Height
• Size Effect
• Architectural Concept
• Vertical Discontinuity
•Soft Story
•Setback
•Offset
• Resistance
Elements
• Plan Discontinuity
•Re-Entrant Corner
•Eccentric Mass or
Stiffness
• AdjacencyPounding
Possibility
Seismic Design Checklist to Facilitate
Architect/Engineer Interaction…Contd.
Structural System
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•
•
•
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•
•
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•
•
Dynamic Resonance
Diaphragm versatility
Torsion
Redundancy
Deformation Compatibility
Out-of-Plane Vibration
Unbalanced Resistance
Resistance Location
Drift/Interstory Effect
Strong Column/weak Beam
Condition
•
•
•
•
Structural Performance
•Ductility
•Inelastic Demand
•Constant or Degrading
Stiffness
•Damping
•Energy Dissipation
Capacity
•Yield/Fracture Behaviour
Special System (E.G., Base
Iso)
Mixed System
Repairability
Seismic Design Checklist to Facilitate
Architect/Engineer Interaction…Contd.
Non-Structural System
• Cladding, Glazing
•Deformation
Compatibility
•Mounting System
• Random Infill
• Ceiling Attachment
• Partition Attachment
•Rigid
•Floating
• Stairs
•Rigid
•Detached
• Elevators
• MRP Equipment
• Special Equipment
• Computer/
Communications
Equipment
• Special Building Contents
Vulnerability Atlas of India
• Hazard Maps
• Risk Tables
• The Atlas aims to provide information base to support
risk and emergency decision-making in disaster
reduction.
• Atlas is intended for government institutions,
administrative bodies, businesses, public
organizations, educational institutions and individuals.
• It can also be used to develop hazard reducing
measures and to plan preparedness and emergency
activities.
Highlights of Vulnerability
Atlas of India
Hazard Vulnerability of India
Earthquakes...
• 12% land is liable to severe
earthquakes( intensity MSK
IX or more)
• 18% land is liable to MSK
VIII
(similar
to
Latur/Uttarkashi)
• 25% land is liable to MSK
VII (similar to Jabalpur
quake)
56% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes
Biggest quakes in: Andamans, Kuchchh, Himachal, Kashmir,N.Bihar and the North East
Highlights of Vulnerability
Atlas of India
Hazard Vulnerability of India
Wind and Cyclones...
• 1891-1990: 262 cyclones
(92 secere) in 50 km wide
strip on East Coast
• Less severe cyclonic activity
on West Coast (33 cyclones
in the same period)
• In 19 severe cyclonic
storms, death toll > 10,000
lives
8% of land vulnerable to Cyclones
In 21 cyclones in Bay of Bengal (India + Bangladesh) 1.25 million lives have been lost
Highlights of Vulnerability
Atlas of India
Hazard Vulnerability of India
Floods...
• Floods in the IndoGangetic-Brahmaputra
plains are an annual
feature
• On an average, few
hundred lives are lost
• Millions are rendered
homeless
5% of land vulnerable to Floods
Lakhs of hectares of crops are damaged every year
One of the numerous RC frame multistory
buildings at Ahmedabad that withstood the
earthquake shaking with only minor cracks
Pancake collapse of 4-storey L-shaped
RC framed school building in Ahmedabad
Insufficient connection between the RC
elevator core and rest of the building lead to
the underutilization of the lateral strength and
stiffness of the elevator core
Surge floatation of chemical storage tank at
rest along side train at Kandla station
Disaster Management
Mitigation
Assessment
of Risk
Hazard Mapping
Vulnerability
Assessment of
Habitat Elements
Prevention
Structural
Measures
Non-Structural
Measures
Retrofitting
Risk Mapping
Response
Early
Warning
Rescue
Evacuation
Relief
Sheltering
Rehabilitation
of Habitat
Economic
rehabilitation
Risk Reduction Measures in Urban Areas
• Seismic Microzonation including preparation of
Hazard Maps of the cities
• Study of the building typologies in different
areas of the city including engineered as well as
non-engineered buildings, building and
population densities in different areas.
• Assessment of the vulnerability of the buildings
and life line structures to the various intensities
of the earthquake hazard as determined above.
Risk Reduction Measures in Urban Areas…Contd.
• Assessment of risk of damage to various
buildings and infrastructure and consequent
losses of life and economy in various areas of
the cities under the occurrence of an earthquake
on an identified geo-tectonic feature.
• To frame appropriate policies and strategies for
reduction of risk based on cost-benefit studies
of the various strategies for maximum
advantage.
What needs to be done in relation to
safety of housing and infrastructure?
• Vulnerability and Risk Assessment.
• To formulate Disaster Mitigation and
Management Plans.
• To establish Legal framework for
Techno-legal, Techno-financial,
Techno-managerial Regimes.
LONG-TERM CONCERNS
(in the next 3 year)
• Survey of Dominant House Types &
Identification of Vulnerable Features
• Mitigation Interventions in Vulnerable
Urban Areas
• Updating of Survey of India Maps for
Vulnerable Areas
• Modification & Strengthening of Municipal
Bye-Laws
• Computerised Vulnerability Database
MEDIUM-TERM CONCERNS
(in the next year)
• Building Reconstruction
• Micro Zonation
• Repair & Strengthening of Government and
Public Buildings
• Training of Local Engineers & Contractors
• Training and Certification Programme for Masons
& Carpenters
• Demonstration Tests of Scale-Models of Vulnerable
& Strengthened Buildings
• Development of a Disaster Management &
Mitigation Policy
• Preparation of city level Maintenance Manuals
SHORT-TERM CONCERNS
(in the next year)
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Detailed Damage Assessment Format & Protocol
Setting up of Retrofitting Clinics for technical guidance
Demonstration Repair & Strengthening of Typical Buildings
Confidence Building Measures
Special Schedule of specifications & Rates for Earthquake
Strengthening Measures
Provision of Treated Timber & Bamboo
Monitoring of costs of ongoing Repair & Strengthening Efforts
Benchmarking with other Earthquake Rehabilitation
Programmes
Community-centered Programme
Institutional Arrangements for State Support to Private & NGO
initiatives
Definition of Unit of Relief & Reconstruction Assistance
IMMEDIATE CONCERNS in response
to a natural hazard
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•
Evacuation
Emergency Shelter
Demolition
Reduction of Hazard from damaged
Buildings
• Precautions during Emergency Repair
works
• Protection against the Imminent
Monsoon
• Relocation
Thank you