Transcript Nigeria

Federal Republic of
Nigeria
BY: Meghan Brophy, Greer Hampton, Mackenzie Magid,
Kieran McElvaney, and Rachel Vahey
Nigeria Quick Facts
• President: Goodluck Jonathan
• Population: 174,507,539 (July 2013 est.)
• Official Language: English
• Independence-1960
• Constitution-1999
• Unfinished State
• National Question
Quick Government Facts
• Federal System
• Bicameral 36 States
• 774 Local Government Areas
• 1970s-Centralization-Why?
Executives
• HOS & HOG: President Goodluck Jonathan
• Single Executive System
The President
• Goodluck Jonathan
• People’s Democratic Party
• Commander-in-chief
• Powers
The Vice President
• Mohammed Namadi Sambo
• Participates in all cabinet meetings
• Powers
Elections
• Multi-Party
• Patron Client Relations
• People’s Democratic Party (PDP)
• Plurality System
• Run offs
• INEC
Final result, showing the states won by Jonathan
(in green), Buhari (red), and Ribadu (blue).
The INEC (Independent National Electoral Commission)
• Free, fair and credible
• Overseers
• Autonomous
• Provides transparency
The Cabinet
• Appointed by President
• Provides services
• Parastatals
• Oversee 19 ministries
• Presidential Minister
• Ministers of the State
National Assembly (Legislature)
• Bicameral
• Symmetric
• Presidential System- Separation
• Upper House- Senate
• Lower HouseHouse of Representatives
The Senate
• 3 senators from 36 states
• 1 senator from capital territory
• Plurality System
• Powers
The House of Representatives
• Based on US System
• Plurality System
• Powers
Recent Elections in National Assembly
• Senate- PDP Majority
• House of Representatives- PDP Majority
• Executive- PDP Control
Seats in the Senate
73/ 109
Seats in the House
205 / 360
Governorships
18 / 36
Political Parties
• People’s Democratic Party (PDP)
• All Nigeria’s People’s Party (ANPP)
• Congress for Progressive Change (CPC)
• Action Congress Nigeria (ACN)
Interest Groups
State corporatism: a
political system in which interest
groups become an
institutionalized part of the state
or dominant political party; public
policy is typically the result of
negotiations among
representatives of the state and
key interest groups
Labor Unions
• National Petroleum
Employees Union
(NUPENG)
• Nigeria Labor Congress
Business Interests
• Collaboration with
military interest
• Some economic reform
• Nigerian Association of
Chambers of Commerce,
Industry, Mines, and
Agriculture (NACCIMA)largest group in the
country
Human Rights Groups
• Protested abuses of
the Babangida and
Abacha regimes
• Remain active
promotes of
democratic reform
• Loosely connected
Bureaucracy
• Prebendalism: an extreme form
of patron-clientalism in which
public offices are treated as
personal fiefdoms.
• “Loyalty pyramid”: network of
supports
• Pyramids often reflect ethnic
and religious affiliations
Roles in Policy Making
• President proposes policy which
are filtered through the “Big
Men”
• Policies often blocked or
significantly altered
Military
• “truly national”
• Strong influence from history of
military rule
• Charged with protecting the
state, promoting Nigeria’s global
security interests, and
supporting peacekeeping efforts
• “military in government”
• “military in barracks”
• State Security Service
• National Intelligence Agency
Judiciary
• Autonomy
• Judicial review
• Types of law
-Common
-Traditional
-Shari’a
Conflict in the Courts
• Shari’a law contradicts with
Nigeria’s secular constitution
• Zamfara 1999
Supreme Court
• Chief justice and 15 justices
• Members are appointed by the
President on the
recommendation of the National
Judicial Council
• Confirmed by the Senate
• Serve until age 65
Political Culture
• Since 1960s more skepticism
• Lack of legitimacy towards authority (elites)
• Lack sense of nationhood
Political Culture
• Ethnicity divisions
• Patron-clientelism (prebendalism)
• Modernity vs. Tradition
• Poverty
Political Socialization
•Family
•Religion
•School
•Media
Political Cleavage
• Ethnicity (south)
• Religion (hard to differentiate up north)
• Geography
Nationalities
• Hausa-Fulani (Islamic)
• Largest ethnic group
• Yoruba (muslim)
• Igbo (one creator, Chineke, Chukwu)
Media
• Controlled at federal and regional levels
• About 90 million viewers, concentrated in urban
• Heavily censored (journalist arrests and deaths)
Political Participation
• Rural residents extremely low
-Women don’t vote in these areas
• Urban areas have opinionated, proactive individuals
-mostly dissatisfied with how
government handles social issues
• Incredibly slow-to-change government,
values would take forever to change
Protests
• Biafran Civil War
• Boko Haram (militant Islamic group)
• -Bombed newspaper offices in Abuja and Kaduna
• 1963- Igbo census women sent to north and sparked protest
• Niger Delta Violence (MEND)
Women
• DO NOT vote in north, very little respect in north
• 1987- Maryam Babangida became First Lady
• “Better Life for Rural Women” campaign
• EW women get official positions
• Still seen widely as caretakers of the family
Other Nationalities
• Ijaw (involved in MEND)
• Kanuri, Pidgin
• Important to oil economy
Political History
• 1960-Independence from Great Britain(Becomes a republic in ‘63)
• 1983 Buhari Military coup
• 1985 Peaceful overthrowing of Buhari and Babangida comes into
power
• 1993-Coup Resulting in Abacha taking control
• 1998-Abubakar takes control after Abacha dies
• 2011-Goodluck Jonathan wins in a fair election
• 07-11 first ever transfer from civilian government to civilian
government
Social Movements
• Homosexuality
• Occupy Nigeria
• Work reform
• Women’s rights
• Rich v. Poor
• REFORMS
Political Changes
• Election of Goodluck Jonathan
• Anticorruption
• Electoral reforms
• Modernization
• Transformation agenda
• Rift in PDP
• Firing of Cabinet
• Democratization
• “Federal character”
Economic Change
• Roadmap for power sector reforms
• Youth Enterprise with innovation in
Nigeria(YOUWIN)
• Focus on economic diplomacy and connect
foreign and domestic policy
• Oil still is main profit source
• IMF says no change in standard of living
despite global economy
• Joint ventures between state and
private(Oil)
Relationships Between Changes
• Extreme corruption
• Local allocation of oil funds
• Oil is central to economy and government
• Privatization
• Denationalizing
Globalization
• ¼ of US’s Oil
• OPEC
• Sense of fear in trade
• Niger Delta
Influences on policy making
• Military
• Presidency
• Political elite
Supranational influences on public policy
• Member of the United
Nations, the
Commonwealth, The
African Union, and OPEC
• International Monetary
fund and the World Bank
Economic Issues
• The oil dependency
• Rentier state: receive
more income by exporting
their oil and leasing out oil
fields to foreign
companies
• Poverty
Human Rights
• Worse during the military rule
• Developed elaborate sections
of the constitution about civil
rights
Public health
• HIV/AIDS
• Even more need for an
adequate health care
system
Environmental
• Oil
• Oil
• Oil
Corruption
• Oil revenues being pocketed
• Causes even more
distrust in the
government
Terrorism
• Relatively terror free
between 1967-1970
• Said to have begun in
October of 1986 (Mr. Dele
Giwa)
• 2010